a)
The diagram below shows a structure found in the small intestine.
Identify this structure.
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b)
Identify structures B and C in the diagram in part a).
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c)
i)
Identify structure A in the diagram in part a).
[1 mark]
ii)
State one function of structure A .
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d)
The products of digestion are absorbed by means of different membrane transport mechanisms.
List two mechanisms by which the products of digestion can be absorbed.
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a)
The following diagram illustrates the steps involved in the digestion of starch.
State the name of product 1 .
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b)
Enzyme X is responsible for completing the digestion of starch.
i)
State the name of enzyme X.
[1 mark]
ii)
Identify the type of bond that is broken by enzyme X to form product 2 .
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c)
The digestion of starch occurs in various parts of the digestive system.
Identify two parts of the digestive system where starch digestion occurs.
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d)
Product 2 represents the final product of starch digestion.
Identify product 2 .
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a)
A group of students set up an experiment to investigate membrane permeability using dialysis tubing. The diagram below shows their experimental set-up.
The students measured the mass of the dialysis tubing and its contents at the start of the experiment (0 minutes) and then again at 5 minute time intervals for 30 minutes. Their results are shown in the following table.
Time / min Mass / g
0
15.4
5
15.8
10
16.1
15
16.5
20
16.9
25
17.2
30
17.6
Calculate the increase in mass. Show your working.
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b)
Using the results in part a), state the direction in which water moved during the experiment.
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c)
Dialysis tubing is often used to model digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
Describe one characteristic of dialysis tubing that makes it suitable for this purpose.
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d)
The students also tested the water surrounding the dialysis tubing for the presence of glucose and starch throughout the investigation.
State their expected results.
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a)
The following micrograph shows the different layers of the small intestine.
Image courtesy of Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International licence. Reused and distributed under conditions found at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Layer Z is responsible for peristalsis in the small intestine.
State one function of peristalsis in the small intestine.
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b)
Layer Z contains two layers of smooth muscle.
i)
Identify the two layers of smooth muscle.
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ii)
State the role of each muscle layer.
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c)
Layer X is responsible for absorption.
State what is meant by the term 'absorption'.
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d)
Layer Y contains important structures that facilitate transport of absorbed substances.
i)
Identify layer Y .
[1 mark]
ii)
Identify two structures found in layer Y that facilitate the transport of absorbed substances.
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One mark is available for clarity of communication throughout this question.
a)
Absorption of digested food molecules, vitamins, and minerals occurs in the ileum.
State three adaptations of the ileum that increases the surface area for absorption.
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b)
Draw a labelled diagram of the digestive system.
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c)
Outline the roles of pancreatic juice. Include the names of relevant enzymes in your answer.
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