When the albumin in the egg white is not denatured it is soluble in the liquid, however, when it denatures it becomes insoluble. This is the mechanism that causes the colour change.
Explain how the protein can have different properties before and after denaturing.
Insulin is a protein that is produced naturally by most people, however, people with insulin-dependent diabetes rely on injecting insulin to replace the protein that they cannot produce for themselves.
Explain why the insulin must be injected into the blood instead of taken orally.
In modern medicine, human insulin is secreted from genetically modified bacteria into large industrial vats called fermenters. This allows the insulin to be extracted and purified for human use.
Outline why the insulin produced by the genetically modified bacteria is identical to insulin produced by a human.
Other organisms that can be genetically engineered to produce proteins for human medicine are goats.
Goats can be engineered to produce protein in their milk, for example, a protein called ATryn, which is used to reduce the risk of blood clots in human patients.
The goats can be milked and then the protein is extracted to be given to patients.
Compare and contrast this method of producing proteins for human medicine to the use of genetically modified bacteria for the same purpose.
If a person has been infected with the influenza virus in the past they possess the necessary immunoglobulins to provide immunity to that virus again in the future.
Influenza viruses contain RNA as their genetic information.
State, with reference to RNA and protein structure, why it is possible for people to get the flu several times in their life.
