| Date | November 2017 | Marks available | 3 | Reference code | 17N.3.SL.tz0.1 |
| Level | Standard Level | Paper | Paper 3 | Time zone | time zone 0 |
| Command term | Compare and contrast | Question number | 1 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Participants completed a standard 20-minute exercise in hot (40°C) and temperate (22°C) conditions, before and after a 5-day heat acclimatization at 40°C. The table below shows the mean core and skin temperature for hot and temperate conditions at rest and during exercise.
[Source: Republished with permission of R. A. Neal et al. (2016) Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 26 (Wiley), pp. 875–884.permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]
Identify the lowest skin temperature.
Calculate the difference in core temperature during exercise between hot and temperate conditions after acclimatization.
Compare and contrast the core and skin temperatures at rest shown in the table.
Markscheme
29.65 «°C» ✔
37.77 − 37.41 ✔
= 0.36 «°C» ✔
OR
37.41 − 37.77 ✔
= −0.36 «°C» ✔
Accept subtraction in a different order.
skin temperature is cooler than the core temperature for every condition and temperature ✔
both core and skin temperatures decrease after acclimatization ✔
the difference between skin temperatures from hot to temperate is large compared to core temperatures ✔
difference between core temp before acclaim in hot is greater than in temperate whereas for skin temp the greatest difference occurred in temperate temp/the biggest difference observed is in skin temp at rest in temperate conditions ✔
the difference between resting core temperature and resting skin temperature is smaller in the hot condition than in temperate condition ✔
the difference in core and skin temp in hot is smaller than the difference in skin and core temperature in temperate ✔
No marks for explaining or suggesting reasons for differences
Examiners report
Generally well done.
Generally well done.
The command term with this question makes it quite complex to answer.
Syllabus sections
-
19M.3.SL.tz0.3a:
State two classes of non-nutritional ergogenic aids currently banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
-
19M.3.SL.tz0.4b:
Suggest ways an athlete can avoid overtraining.
-
18N.3.SL.tz0.2c:
Discuss indicators of overtraining in an athlete.
-
18N.3.HL:.tz0.2c:
Discuss indicators of overtraining in an athlete.
-
18N.3.HL:.tz0.2d:
Discuss how training should be organised in the preparation phase of a sprinter training for the 2019 World Championships.
-
19M.3.SL.tz0.4a:
Outline overreaching and overtraining.
- 18N.3.SL.tz0.2b: Define overtraining.
- 18N.3.SL.tz0.4a: Define ergogenic aid.
- 18N.3.SL.tz0.2a: Define overreaching.
- 18N.3.HL:.tz0.2a: Define overreaching.
- 18N.3.HL:.tz0.3a.i: Define active recovery.
- 18N.3.HL:.tz0.3b.i: State one of the principal means by which the body maintains core temperature in cold...
- 18N.3.HL:.tz0.3a.ii: Outline the benefits of active recovery.
-
19M.3.HL:.tz0.4:
Evaluate the use of caffeine by an athlete.
- 16M.3.SL.tz0.2c: Outline the muscular action that occurs during plyometric training.
- 16M.3.SL.tz0.3b: State the adverse health effects of long-term use of anabolic steroids.
- 17M.3.SL.tz0.3a: Define ergogenic aid.
- 17M.3.SL.tz0.1c: Compare sweat rate responses for the experimental and control groups.
- 17M.3.SL.tz0.2a: State the normal physiological range for core body temperature.
- 17M.3.SL.tz0.1d: Outline the physiological adaptations impacting the sweat mechanism that occur with heat...
- 17M.3.SL.tz0.1a: Identify the group and exercise intensity with the highest post-training sweat rate.
-
19M.3.HL:.tz0.6a:
Describe the effects of altitude on fluid loss.
-
19M.3.HL:.tz0.6c:
Explain how altitude can impact the performance of an athlete competing in long jump.
- 17M.3.SL.tz0.2b: Explain the characteristics of heat stroke.
- 16M.3.SL.tz0.3c: Explain the proposed benefits to an athlete of using diuretics.
- 17M.3.SL.tz0.1b: Calculate the difference in sweat rate between the 80 % VO2max and the rest conditions for...
-
19M.3.HL:.tz0.5a:
Define active recovery.
- 16N.3.SL.tz0.3a: Define the term ergogenic aid.
- 17N.3.SL.tz0.2b: Explain the effects of three physiological adaptations that occur with heat acclimatization.
- 17N.3.SL.tz0.4b: Discuss why banned pharmacological substances should not be used by Olympic athletes.
- 17N.3.SL.tz0.3a: Define overreaching.
- 17N.3.SL.tz0.1b: Calculate the difference in core temperature during exercise between hot and temperate...
-
17N.3.SL.tz0.2a:
Outline how convection and evaporation transfer heat from the skin to the environment.
- 16N.3.SL.tz0.3c: Suggest how a soccer player could use periodization to optimise their performance in the...
-
19M.3.HL:.tz0.6b:
Discuss the possible benefits of the live high, train low (LHTL) approach to altitude training.
-
17M.3.SL.tz0.3c:
Discuss the benefits for athletes of using beta blockers.
- 18N.3.SL.tz0.3a: Describe the formation of sweat.
- 18N.3.HL:.tz0.4a: Distinguish between the physiological effects of exercising at sea level with the effects of...
- 18N.3.HL:.tz0.2b: Define overtraining.
-
19M.3.SL.tz0.2a:
Outline how the body maintains a stable core temperature when the external environment cools.
- 19N.3.HL:.tz0.4a: Define hypoxia.
-
17M.3.SL.tz0.4:
Explain indicators of over-training.
-
19N.3.SL.tz0.4b:
Explain the use of erythropoietin (EPO) by a cross-country skier.
- 19N.3.SL.tz0.2a: Define cross-training.
- 19N.3.SL.tz0.3b: Identify an example of heat conduction in a sport.
- 19N.3.SL.tz0.3a: State the standard range for a healthy core body temperature.
- 19N.3.SL.tz0.2b: Muscle soreness and fatigue are two indicators of overtraining. Discuss how a coach could...
-
19N.3.SL.tz0.4a:
Stimulants are one class of non-nutritional ergogenic aids currently banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). List two other classes of non-nutritional ergogenic aids that are banned.
- 19N.3.HL:.tz0.2b: Outline macrocycle.
-
19N.3.HL:.tz0.3a:
Stimulants are one class of non-nutritional ergogenic aids currently banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). List two other classes of non-nutritional ergogenic aids that are banned.
- 19N.3.HL:.tz0.2a: Define cross-training.
- 19N.3.HL:.tz0.4b: During a competition at altitude, a runner did not alter their normal, low-altitude hydration...
-
19N.3.HL:.tz0.4c:
Outline altitude training.
- 19N.3.HL:.tz0.4d: Using examples, predict the adaptations after endurance athletes have lived and trained at...
- 19N.3.HL:.tz0.3b: Explain reasons for banning pharmacological substances.
- 16M.3.SL.tz0.2a: Distinguish between training and overreaching.
- 16M.3.SL.tz0.3a: List two classes of non-nutritional ergogenic aids that are currently banned by the...
- 17M.3.SL.tz0.3b: Outline two possible harmful effects of long term use of anabolic steroids.
-
19M.3.HL:.tz0.5b:
Outline two reasons for an athlete completing active recovery immediately after training.
-
18N.3.HL:.tz0.3b.ii:
Evaluate the use of cryotherapy for recovery in sport.
-
19M.3.SL.tz0.2b:
Explain why swimming in cold water is a challenge to the thermoregulation process.
-
19M.3.SL.tz0.3b:
Evaluate the use of beta blockers by an archer to positively influence their performance.
- 16N.3.SL.tz0.2a: Describe two steps an athlete can take to prevent heat-related disorders in a marathon in a...
- 16N.3.SL.tz0.2b.i: Describe how the body maintains core temperature when mountain walking in a cold environment.
- 16N.3.SL.tz0.2b.ii: Explain the relationship between the body surface area-to-body mass ratio and heat...
- 16N.3.SL.tz0.3b: Discuss the benefits for an athlete using anabolic steroids.
-
17N.3.SL.tz0.3b:
Explain how a macrocycle training structure can avoid overtraining and injury.
-
18N.3.HL:.tz0.4b:
Explain two long-term adaptations resulting from altitude training.
-
18N.3.SL.tz0.3b:
Explain the impact of high humidity on performance during a 10-kilometre race.
- 18N.3.SL.tz0.4b: Evaluate the use of beta blockers by athletes.
-
16M.3.SL.tz0.2b:
Discuss three indicators of overtraining in athletes.
-
19M.3.HL:.tz0.3:
Using an example, distinguish between circuit training and continuous training.
-
17N.3.SL.tz0.4a:
Using an example, describe the placebo effect.
-
20N.3.HL:.tz0.3b:
The cyclist remains at the training camp for a month. Explain the physiological changes resulting from hypoxia that will improve their performance at sea level.
-
20N.3.SL.tz0.1a.ii:
Calculate the difference in mean running distance, in metres, for the speed identified in 1(a)(i).
- 20N.3.SL.tz0.1a.i: Identify the running speed, in km h–1, at which the difference in running distance between...
- 20N.3.SL.tz0.2a: Distinguish between overtraining and overreaching.
- 20N.3.SL.tz0.2c: Analyse a mesocycle unit of training.
- 20N.3.SL.tz0.1b: Outline two reasons for a placebo condition in the study.
- 20N.3.SL.tz0.3b: Explain the physiological adaptations that occur during heat acclimatization.
- 20N.3.SL.tz0.1a.iii: Comment on the statistical significance of the effect of the caffeine drink in this study.
- 20N.3.SL.tz0.3a: The Marathon des Sables is a 6-day, 250 km run across the Sahara Desert in temperatures...
- 20N.3.SL.tz0.2b: Describe fartlek training.
- 20N.3.HL:.tz0.2c: Describe the fitness–fatigue model of training.
- 20N.3.HL:.tz0.3a: Identify two physiological responses to hypoxia for a cyclist immediately after arriving at a...
- 20N.3.HL:.tz0.2a: Define active recovery.
- 20N.3.HL:.tz0.3c: Mountain stages of an endurance cycle race take place between 2000 and 2500 m above sea...
- 20N.3.HL:.tz0.2b: Outline why active recovery should take place immediately after training.
- 17N.3.SL.tz0.1a: Identify the lowest skin temperature.
