Describe two steps an athlete can take to prevent heat-related disorders in a marathon in a hot climate.

1.

2.

Describe how the body maintains core temperature when mountain walking in a cold environment.

Explain the relationship between the body surface area-to-body mass ratio and heat preservation in a mountain walker.

perform in the cooler part of the day to reduce solar radiation/shaded areas/coverage of skin to protect from sun eg waterproof sunscreen/hat ✔

using ice vests/cooling aids before the race to help to delay heat accumulation during warm up ✔

ensure appropriate hydration before/during/after exercise ✔

ensure appropriate consumption of electrolytes/salt to maintain muscle function
OR
increase fluid and electrolyte intake ✔

wear appropriate «breathable» fabrics that draw moisture away from the skin «allow cooling through evaporation»
OR
wear light coloured clothing to reduce heat absorption ✔

acclimatization up to 14 days prior to the event ✔

Shivering
increase in muscular activity to produce metabolic heat ✔

Peripheral vasoconstriction
constriction of blood vessels to the extremities/peripheral shell ✔

reduces loss of heat between the core and the shell of the body ✔

in extreme whole body exposure, the peripheral shell includes the limbs
OR
core temperature is maintained in the core and decline in skin and muscle temperature of the limbs ✔

Non-shivering thermogenesis
increase in metabolic process where excess calories are used to produce heat rather than stored as fat ✔

sympathetic nervous system increases the rate of «brown» fat oxidation ✔

a walker with a low surface area-to-body mass ratio helps to conserve heat and therefore less susceptible to hypothermia
OR
a walker with a large body surface area-to-body mass ratio makes it more difficult for them to maintain normal body temperature in the cold as they have a greater area for the loss of heat/energy ✔

a walker with a short, squat body shape will help retain body heat
OR
a walker with a tall, long, lean limbed body shape will lose body heat quicker ✔

heavy individuals have a small body surface area-to-body mass ratio ✔

children will tend to have a higher body surface area to mass ratio ✔

Candidates answered this well.

Few listed the features, but most were able to describe the features.

Most understood that a larger surface area leads to a greater loss of heat.