Stimulants are one class of non-nutritional ergogenic aids currently banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). List two other classes of non-nutritional ergogenic aids that are banned.

Explain the use of erythropoietin (EPO) by a cross-country skier.

anabolic steroids ✔

hormones and related substances ✔

diuretics and masking agents ✔

beta blockers ✔

Accept appropriate examples of classes of aids, not specific examples. Full names need to be used eg anabolic steroids not just steroids.

EPO elevates / regulates red blood cell production <by stimulating bone marrow cells>
OR
increases hemoglobin concentration ✔

EPO <ultimately> increases oxygen capacity/VO₂ max ✔

removes carbon dioxide from tissues ✔

a cross-country skier predominantly uses aerobic respiration ✔

EPO increases time to exhaustion/endurance capacity ✔

[3 max] if no reference to skier.