DP Biology Questionbank

• Syllabus

Option D: Human physiology (Core topics)

Sub sections and their related questions

D.1 Human nutrition

• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.1a: Identify the substance that varies the most in the plasma of the mothers.
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.1b: Calculate the difference between birth mass of offspring whose mothers were fed the AP diet and...
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.1c: Distinguish between LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in relation to the diet.
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.1d: Explain the low birth mass of offspring born to mothers who were fed the LP diet.
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.1e: In many societies doctors may recommend an HP diet for pregnant humans. Using the data, evaluate...
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.2a (i): State one source of vitamin D in the diet.
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.2a (ii): State how vitamin D can be obtained other than through the diet.
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.3b: Explain the causes and consequences of phenylketonuria (PKU).
• 15M.3.SL.TZ1.2a: Water and minerals are essential in the human diet. List two other types of nutrient in a human...
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.1a: State which country has the lowest total percentage of overweight and obese adults.
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.1b: Distinguish between the levels of male obesity and female obesity.
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.1c: Compare the overweight and obesity patterns in Australia and Morocco.
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.1d: Suggest two possible reasons for the differences in BMI from the reported countries.
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.2a: List two natural food sources of vitamin D in human diets.
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.1d: This study also showed a significant reduction in insulin sensitivity when participants were...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.1g: Suggest how sugar uptake might be related to pancreatic cancer.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.2b (ii): Compare wheat flour and rice as main dietary sources of energy for humans.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.2c: Evaluate the benefits of reducing dietary cholesterol in lowering the risk of coronary heart...
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.3b: Explain the possible health consequences of a diet rich in protein.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ2.1a: State the regions with the highest and lowest percentage of male offspring. Region with highest...
• 13M.3.SL.TZ2.1b: Comment on the variation in BMI of mothers in Ethiopia.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ2.1c: Discuss whether the data supports the hypothesis that malnutrition affects the sex ratio of...
• 13M.3.SL.TZ2.1d: Suggest one limitation of the data.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ2.1e: Suggest one factor that could cause malnutrition in mothers.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ2.2c: Evaluate the health consequences of a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.
• 13N.3.HL.TZ0.13a: State the concentration of cholesterol in liver tissue and the mass of bile salts in feces for...
• 13N.3.HL.TZ0.13b: Calculate the percentage increase in the concentration of cholesterol in liver tissue, caused by...
• 13N.3.HL.TZ0.13c: Deduce the effects of supplementing the diet with Lactobacillus on the concentration of...
• 13N.3.HL.TZ0.13d: Scientists hypothesized that Lactobacillus could be used in diets to reduce the incidence of...
• 13N.3.SL.TZ0.2a.ii: List two consequences of anorexia nervosa.   1.   2.
• 13N.3.SL.TZ0.2b: Explain the causes, consequences and treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU).
• 13N.3.SL.TZ0.3b: Evaluate the benefit of reducing cholesterol in the diet.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.1a: State the urinary vitamin C content for each of the two study groups six hours before vitamin C...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.1b: Calculate the percentage increase in urine levels of vitamin C for the ascorbic acid study group...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.1c: Compare the trends in vitamin C release for the two test groups during the first twelve hours...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.1d: Large individual differences in the urine level of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid were...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.1e: Scurvy is a disease that is due to vitamin C deficiency. Evaluate the importance of this...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.2b: Outline factors that can lead to an individual becoming obese.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.1a (i): Identify the season when the women are least likely to suffer from vitamin D deficiency.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.1a (ii): Using the data from all four seasons, identify the two locations where the patterns of vitamin D...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.1b: Compare the deficiency levels of vitamin D at all three locations.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.1c: Location and season were found to account for only a small part of the deficiencies. Suggest,...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.2b: Outline consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.3: Describe the causes, consequences and diagnosis of phenylketonuria (PKU).
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.1a: Identify the nutrient that is least likely to be deficient in a 45-year-old male in the Piaroa...
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.1b: Identify the age and sex of the group that suffers from the least amount of anemia in the Piaroa...
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.1c: Compare the data for the three nutrients in 11–20-year-old females with the data for...
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.1d: The data in the table indicates differences in the incidence of anemia between males and females....
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.2b: Distinguish between minerals and vitamins.
• 12M.3.SL.TZ2.2c: Describe the health consequences of a diet rich in proteins.
• 10M.3.SL.TZ1.2b: Explain the possible health consequences of diets rich in fats.
• 10M.3.SL.TZ1.2c: Outline the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
• 10M.3.SL.TZ1.3a: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
• 10M.3.SL.TZ1.3b: Discuss exposure to sunlight as a source of vitamin D.
• 10M.3.SL.TZ2.1a: Describe the effect of increased BMI on the risk of developing type II diabetes.
• 10M.3.SL.TZ2.1b: Identify the risk of developing type II diabetes in men with a BMI of 33 kg m–2.
• 10M.3.SL.TZ2.1c: Determine, by indicating on the graph, the range of age-adjusted relative risk for women who are...
• 10M.3.SL.TZ2.1d: Explain the dietary advice that should be given to a patient who has developed type II diabetes.
• 10M.3.SL.TZ2.2c: Explain possible health consequences of diets rich in fats.
• 10M.3.SL.TZ2.3a: State a source of vitamin D in a human diet.
• 10M.3.SL.TZ2.3b: Discuss exposure to sunlight as a source of vitamin D.
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.1d: Evaluate the hypothesis that being overweight is due to lack of exercise.
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.2a (i): State which listed nutrient does not supply energy.
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.2a (ii): Deduce, with a reason, which listed nutrient provides the most energy per 25 g serving.
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.2b: Outline the differences in molecular structure between the types of fat found in  the peanuts.
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.3b: Explain the benefits of supplementing common foods with vitamins and minerals.
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.14a: The table shows the death rate due to coronary heart disease (CHD) in two different...
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.14b (i): State four glands secreting digestive juices into the alimentary canal.  1....
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.3b : Explain two pieces of dietary advice that might be given to someone suffering from type II diabetes.
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.1a: State the change in blood calcium levels in normal mice 10 minutes after the administration of...
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.1b: Compare the changes in blood calcium levels in normal mice and in mutant mice after the...
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.1c: Explain, using graph B, the changes in blood calcium levels for the mice with different diets.
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.1d: Discuss whether the scientists were able to support their hypothesis that rickets caused by the...
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.2a(i): Outline the function of the appetite control centre in the brain.
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.2a(ii): Outline the implications for the health of a person who has a BMI of 16 kg m–2.
• 09N.3.SL.TZ0.1a: Compare the zinc content of scalp hair of the control group with that of the anorexia nervosa group.
• 09N.3.SL.TZ0.1b: Discuss whether whole blood zinc content of 6 μg g–1 would indicate that a person has anorexia...
• 09N.3.SL.TZ0.1c: Discuss whether dietary zinc supplementation would be an effective treatment for anorexia nervosa.
• 09N.3.SL.TZ0.1d: Zinc is a mineral. Distinguish between a mineral and a vitamin.
• 09N.3.SL.TZ0.2a: State one consequence of protein deficiency malnutrition.
• 16M.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Outline what is meant by the term essential amino acid.
• 16M.3.HL.TZ0.19b: Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. (i) Deduce the...
• 16M.3.HL.TZ0.19c: Evaluate human milk as an overall source of essential amino acids.
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.17a: Deduce with reasons which two oils would be the best sources of fatty acids for a healthy diet.
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline the meaning of the term essential when used to describe some fatty acids.
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.17c: (i) State the name of the part of the brain where appetite is controlled. (ii) State the role of...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Identify the increased probability of an obese person having hypertension relative to someone who...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain how the administration of a drug that stimulates the leptin receptors in the hypothalamus...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: Calculate how many grams of protein should be consumed each day. Working is not required.
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: State one function of sodium in the diet.
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Identify, with a reason, which milk provides more energy in a 250 g serving.
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.17d: Suggest, with reasons, which milk would be recommended for someone with osteomalacia.
• 16N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: A study was undertaken to determine the most effective method to delay the onset of type II...
• 16N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: List features that would increase a person’s risk of developing diabetes.
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.17a.i: Describe the relationship between the maternal blood vitamin D levels and the incidence of seizures.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.17a.ii: Deduce the reason for rickets in these infants.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: Identify the reason for vitamin D not being considered to be a typical vitamin.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Outline the reason for some amino acids being classified as essential amino acids.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.21: Discuss the causes and treatments of phenylketonuria.
• 17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.22: Explain a method to quantify the energy content in food.    
• 17M.3.HL.TZ2.18: Describe a method that could be used to measure the energy content of a sample of food.
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the possible health risks of being overweight.

D.2 Digestion

• 15M.3.HL.TZ1.14a (i): State one mechanism the ileum uses to absorb digested food into the bloodstream.
• 15M.3.HL.TZ1.14b (i): Label the line that represents the ventricle.
• 15M.3.HL.TZ1.14b (ii): Estimate the total time the atrioventricular valves are open.
• 15M.3.HL.TZ2.14a: The electron micrograph shows the epithelial cells of the villus.  Identify the parts labelled...
• 13M.3.HL.TZ1.13b: Outline the control of gastric juice secretion.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.1a: Outline the effect of vitamin C intake on changes in bone density in the spine.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.1b: Compare the changes in bone density of the femoral neck with those of the spine.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.1c: Evaluate the evidence provided by the data that the intake of vitamin C supplements may reduce...
• 11M.3.HL.TZ1.13a: Calculate the difference in the rate of decrease of pH between the control cells and the modified...
• 11M.3.HL.TZ1.13b: State the effect of DIDS on the rate of decrease of the extracellular pH.
• 11M.3.HL.TZ1.13c: Scientists hypothesized that Helicobacter pylori alters the ability to maintain neutral pH at the...
• 11M.3.HL.TZ1.13d: In further experiments, scientists observed that the levels of mRNA of SLC26A9 increased in...
• 11M.3.HL.TZ1.13e: Predict, with a reason, the effect of DIDS on stomach pH if given to an experimental subject.
• 12M.3.HL.TZ1.14c: Compare gastric juice and pancreatic juice.
• 12M.3.HL.TZ1.14d: List one material that is egested after human digestion.
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.14b: Outline the hormonal control of digestive juice secretion in the stomach.
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.15: Explain the mechanisms used by the ileum to absorb and transport food.
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.2a: Outline the importance of fibre as a component of a balanced diet.
• 12M.3.SL.TZ2.2b: State one reason to include fibre in the diet.
• 10M.3.HL.TZ1.14b: Compare gastric juice and pancreatic juice.
• 10M.3.HL.TZ1.14c: Outline the reason for one named substance found in food not being digested and absorbed by humans.
• 11N.3.HL.TZ0.5a (i): Label I and II.
• 11N.3.HL.TZ0.14a (ii): Outline two important structural features of cell X.
• 11N.3.HL.TZ0.14c: Explain why trypsin is initially synthesized as an inactive precursor and how it is activated.
• 09N.3.HL.TZ0.13a: 47 % of the control group had been infected with H. pylori. Calculate the percentage of the group...
• 09N.3.HL.TZ0.13b: Using all of the data, evaluate the hypothesis that H. pylori causes stomach cancer.
• 09N.3.HL.TZ0.13c: A study in gerbils indicated that infection with H. pylori leads to a decrease in the secretion...
• 09N.3.HL.TZ0.14a: In the electron micrograph above, state the name of the (i) structure labelled X.   (ii) type...
• 10N.3.HL.TZ0.14c: List two materials that are not absorbed but are egested by the body.
• 16M.3.HL.TZ0.20a: Estimate the mean residence time of a meal with 50 % digestible matter.
• 16M.3.HL.TZ0.20b: Explain the relationship between percentage of digestible matter and mean residence time.
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.18a: Outline the importance of acid conditions in the stomach.
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.18c: Suggest one reason for a correlation between a low-fibre diet and a higher incidence of...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State two roles of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. Role 1: Role 2:
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Pancreatic juice is secreted into the pancreatic duct which carries these secretions to the small...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: State one cause of stomach ulcers.
• 17M.3.HL.TZ1.18d: Cells on the surface of intestinal villi have microvilli, which provide a large surface area for...
• 17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.19a: Outline the importance of the proton pumps in the digestion of foods.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.19b: Explain the use of proton pump inhibitors to treat patients complaining of stomach pain.
• 17M.3.HL.TZ2.20: Outline how infection by Vibrio cholerae can lead to dehydration.
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.

D.3 Functions of the liver

• 15M.3.HL.TZ1.14a (ii): State the role of the hepatic portal vein.
• 15M.3.HL.TZ2.15: Describe how the liver helps to maintain human health.
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.15: Explain the role of the liver in regulating and storing nutrients.
• 13M.3.HL.TZ1.14: The liver is a complex organ with a wide range of functions. Outline the functions of the liver.
• 13M.3.HL.TZ2.14c: Outline how bile helps in lipid digestion.
• 13M.3.HL.TZ2.14d: Describe how bile pigment is formed.
• 11M.3.HL.TZ1.14c: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
• 12M.3.HL.TZ1.14b: State two products resulting from the breakdown of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the...
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.13a: State which group has the greatest range of blood hepcidin concentration.
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.13b: Calculate the difference in median blood hepcidin concentration for CHF patients with anemia and...
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.13c: Using the data, deduce whether the incidence of CHF or the incidence of anemia has a greater...
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.13d: Iron is necessary for hemoglobin to carry oxygen so low iron levels cause low levels of...
• 11N.3.HL.TZ0.14b: Explain the role of bile in lipid digestion.
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.15: Explain how the liver stores and regulates levels of nutrients in the body, including details of...
• 09N.3.HL.TZ0.14c: Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
• 10N.3.HL.TZ0.14a: Label the section of healthy liver tissue below. I.   II.   III.
• 10N.3.HL.TZ0.14b: Outline two roles of the liver.
• 16M.3.HL.TZ0.22: Outline the ways in which the liver regulates the chemical and cellular composition of the blood.
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.19a: The liver’s unique blood supply and system of ducts allow proper functioning of its hepatocytes...
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.19b: Outline functions of hepatocytes that involve changing the chemical composition of the plasma.
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: The cell labelled X is only found in the liver and is associated with the wall of a...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain the importance of bilirubin in the onset of jaundice.
• 16N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Describe how the liver regulates nutrient levels.
• 16N.3.HL.TZ0.23: Explain, using an oxygen dissociation curve, how hemoglobin supplies oxygen to respiring tissues...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.19: The diagram below shows the liver and main vessels associated with it. Suggest advantages of...
• 17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
• 17M.3.HL.TZ1.22: Explain the process of erythrocyte and hemoglobin breakdown in the liver. 
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.20a: State the name of the cells that perform the breakdown of erythrocytes in the liver.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.20b: Describe the breakdown of erythrocytes by liver cells.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.20c: Outline the fate of the iron from the erythrocytes.
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii: Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
• 17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
• 17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.ii: Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
• 17N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.

D.4 The heart

• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.13a: State the risk of a man developing CHD between the ages of 55–59 if his brother had CHD.
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.13b: Calculate the increase in risk over the control group for a woman of 60–64 of developing CHD if...
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.13c: Compare the results for the men and the women.
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.13d: Suggest two reasons why a man is more likely to develop CHD if his brother had the disease.
• 13M.3.HL.TZ2.15: Explain the events of the cardiac cycle, including the heart sounds.
• 11M.3.HL.TZ1.14a: Outline how coronary thrombosis can be caused.
• 12M.3.HL.TZ1.14a: In healthy adults, there are heart sounds during the cardiac cycle. Outline the causes of two of...
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.13a: State which group has the greatest range of blood hepcidin concentration.
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.13b: Calculate the difference in median blood hepcidin concentration for CHF patients with anemia and...
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.13c: Using the data, deduce whether the incidence of CHF or the incidence of anemia has a greater...
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.13d: Iron is necessary for hemoglobin to carry oxygen so low iron levels cause low levels of...
• 10M.3.HL.TZ1.15: Explain the role of the SA (sinoatrial) node in the cardiac cycle.
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.4a: Estimate, using the graph, the resting heart rate of the physically fit rower.
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.4b (i): Estimate, using the graph, the increase in heart rate between exercise at 25 watts and 250 watts....
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.4b (ii): Predict, with a reason, whether the increase would be greater or less in an untrained person when...
• 10N.3.HL.TZ0.13a: State the overall trend for CRP for men and women over the range of alcohol consumption.
• 10N.3.HL.TZ0.13b: Evaluate, using all the data, whether drinking small amounts of alcohol reduces the risk of CVD.
• 10N.3.HL.TZ0.13c: Deduce which is the best marker to measure the risk of CVD.
• 10N.3.HL.TZ0.13d: Outline atherosclerosis and the causes of CVD.
• 16M.3.HL.TZ0.21a: The diagram shows an ECG trace with the QRS complex indicated. Outline the events of the...
• 16M.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Heart rate is affected by the hormone epinephrine. The action of epinephrine is mediated by a...
• 16M.3.HL.TZ0.21c: During cardiac arrest, the ventricles of the heart might begin to contract in an uncoordinated...
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.20a: The incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was investigated among 14 000 people. Baseline...
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.20b: Explain how electrical signalling in the heart leads to ventricular contraction
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.15a: Outline the reasons that the female patients with anorexia nervosa have a lower mean ventricle...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.15b: Suggest a reason for the difference in QT interval between females with anorexia nervosa and...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.15c: State the two causes of normal heart sounds.
• 16N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: Describe the electrical activity that occurs in the heart during the P wave.
• 16N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Explain why the QRS wave has a larger amplitude than a P wave.
• 16N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Using the R–R interval in this ECG, calculate the heart beats per minute (bpm) of this patient....
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.20a: Using the letters provided, identify the parts of the ECG where the ventricle muscles are...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.20b: State what is represented by the period between the points R and R’.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.20c: Outline the use of artificial pacemakers for patients with a heart condition.
• 17M.3.HL.TZ1.19a: Samples from cardiac muscle were taken during autopsies from individuals who had coronary heart...
• 17M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to transmit impulses.
• 17M.3.HL.TZ1.19c: Explain the reason for the delay between contractions of the atria and of the ventricles.
• 17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.21a: The diagram shows the use of a sphygmomanometer in the measurement of blood pressure. Identify...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.21b: Explain the meaning of systolic and diastolic pressure.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.21c: The photomicrograph shows cardiac muscle. Label the structures I and II.  
• 17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.i: Distinguish between the ECG trace of the patient with hypokalemia and the patient with hyperkalemia.
• 17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.ii: Outline the events that occur within the heart that correspond to the QRS complex.
• 17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.iii: Severe hypokalemia can lead to ventricular fibrillation. Describe the medical response to...
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
• 17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
• 17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
• 17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.