In healthy adults, there are heart sounds during the cardiac cycle. Outline the causes of two of these sounds.

State two products resulting from the breakdown of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the liver.

1.        ..................................................................

2.        ..................................................................

Compare gastric juice and pancreatic juice.

List one material that is egested after human digestion.

changing pressure of blood in heart automatically opens and closes the valves / the closing of valves generates the heart sounds;
first heart sound (S₁) is produced by the closing of the AV valves/mitral and tricuspid valves;
second heart sound (S₂) produced by the closing of semilunar valves/aortic and pulmonary valves;

iron;
bile pigments/bilirubin;
globin/amino acids;

Award [1] for each correct row.

cellulose / lignin / bile pigments / intestinal cells / bacteria

Many understood the role of the valves in causing the heart sounds although few referred to changing pressure in the heart causing this to occur.  

This was fairly well done with most candidates obtaining one mark and a very good number receiving two marks for products from the breakdown of hemoglobin.

Although this table seemed very straightforward to fill in, many candidates wrote vague responses, incorrectly said that pancreatic juice worked in the pancreas and listed incorrect substances in the spaces for the enzymes in each digestive juice.  

Almost all were correctly able to list one material egested; usually cellulose was the reply.