• Syllabus

18: Post-independence politics in Africa to 2005

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Sub sections and their related questions

Causes of ethnic conflict, civil war and military intervention: including ethnic tensions, economic problems, destabilization by outside forces, inefficiency of civilian governments, ideology, and personal ambition

• 18N.3op1.HL.TZ0.35: “Destabilization by outside forces was the main cause of conflict.” Discuss with reference to two...
• 19N.3op1.HL.TZ0.35: “Ideology was the main cause of ethnic conflict.” Discuss with reference to two African states.
• 20N.3op1.HL.TZ0.35: “Personal ambition was the main cause of ethnic conflict.” Discuss with reference to two African...
• 21M.3op1.HL.TZ0.35: Compare and contrast the causes of ethnic conflict in two African countries.

Impact of ethnic conflict, civil war and military intervention; impact of military rule

• 17M.3op1.HL.TZ0.35: Examine the impact of ethnic conflict in two African countries.
• 18N.3op1.HL.TZ0.36: Compare and contrast the impact of military rule on two post-independence African countries.
• 21N.3op1.HL.TZ0.35: Evaluate the impact of military rule in two African countries.
• 22M.3op1.HL.TZ0.35: Compare and contrast the impact of civil war in two African countries.

Social and economic challenges: disease, illiteracy, poverty, famine; neo-colonial economic exploitation

• 17N.3op1.HL.TZ0.35:

  Evaluate the responses of two African countries to the post-independence challenges of disease and poverty.

• 18M.3op1.HL.TZ0.35: “Poverty and disease were the most significant social and economic challenges facing African...
• 19N.3op1.HL.TZ0.36: “Neo-colonial economic exploitation was the most significant challenge to post-independence...
• 21N.3op1.HL.TZ0.36: Evaluate the impact of neo-colonial economic exploitation in two African countries.

Establishment of single-party states; reasons for establishment, including personal ambition, failure of democracy, and need for effective government

• 18M.3op1.HL.TZ0.36: “The need for effective government was the most important reason for the establishment of...
• 19M.3op1.HL.TZ0.35: Evaluate the importance of personal ambition in the establishment of two single-party states in...
• 21M.3op1.HL.TZ0.36: “The failure of democracy was the main reason for the establishment of single-party states.”...
• 22M.3op1.HL.TZ0.36: Discuss the reasons for the establishment of single-party states in two African countries.

Return to multi-party democracy in the 1980s and 1990s: reasons for successes and failures

• 17N.3op1.HL.TZ0.36:

  With reference to two African countries, evaluate the success of African states in the return to multi-party democracy in the 1980s and 1990s.

• 19M.3op1.HL.TZ0.36: Evaluate two African states’ return to multi-party democracy in the 1980s and 1990s.
• 20N.3op1.HL.TZ0.36: With reference to two African countries, examine the reasons for their success or failure in...

Economic growth and development to 2005: reasons for growth, including political stability and multi-partyism; leadership; infrastructural development; investment; economic reforms

• 17M.3op2.HL.TZ0.36: With reference to two post-independence African countries, examine the reasons for economic...