Discuss the reasons for the establishment of single-party states in two African countries.

The question requires that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the reasons why single-party states were established in two African countries. Candidates may offer equal coverage of both states or they may prioritize their discussion of one. However, both aspects will be a feature of the response. Candidates may refer to the difficulties that new independent countries in Africa had to face in order to organize themselves as nation-states and why the single-party option was considered by nationalist leaders as the most convenient in the selected cases. Other relevant factors may be addressed, for example, the need for overcoming historical divisions and building social unity and also the ambitions of nationalist leaders who wanted to strengthen power and eliminate competition, but with a focus on the issue in the question. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.