With reference to two African countries, examine the reasons for their success or failure in returning to multi-party democracy.

Candidates will consider the interrelationship between success and failure in the return to multi-party democracy in two African countries. Candidates may refer to reasons for success including the collapse of the non-democratic group through war, death of a leader, internal division or external intervention. Other reasons may include the rise of a democratic leader with wide popular support and internal and/or external support, and improved economic and social conditions including better ethnic relations. Reasons for failure may include the measures of the ruling party to eliminate opposition, the lack of a credible opposition movement or leader, the failure of opponents of the regime to co-operate due to ethnic or other differences, or the intervention of external forces to support the non-democratic regime and prevent any changes in ruler. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.