With reference to two African countries, evaluate the success of African states in the return to multi-party democracy in the 1980s and 1990s.

The question requires that candidates make an appraisal of the success of two African states in the return to multi-party democracy in the 1980s and 1990s. They may choose from a range of case studies in their responses. Examples that may be chosen include (but are not limited to) the following countries: Nigeria, where periods of democracy were punctuated by military coups; Uganda, where initial optimism regarding the restoration of democracy by Museveni was replaced by concerns over human rights abuses; Zambia, where similar optimism surrounded the election of Chiluba; and Ghana, where a transition to democracy under Rawlings proved to be enduring and was accompanied by impressive economic growth. Candidates may adopt a comparative approach, or an approach where the success or otherwise of the two countries is addressed separately.