• Syllabus

12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)

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Sub sections and their related questions

Challenges to Ottoman power in the early 19th century: Greek War of Independence; Muhammad Ali in Egypt

• 17M.3op1.HL.TZ0.23: “The actions of the major powers were the most significant factor in Greece gaining independence...
• 17N.3op1.HL.TZ0.23:

  Evaluate the challenges to Ottoman power during the first half of the 19th century.

• 18N.3op1.HL.TZ0.23:

  Evaluate the reasons for, and the results of, Muhammad Ali’s challenge to Ottoman power.

• 21M.3op1.HL.TZ0.23: “The rise of nationalism was the main challenge to Ottoman power up to 1840.” To what extent do...
• 22M.3op1.HL.TZ0.23: Discuss the causes of the Greek War of Independence and its impact on the Ottoman Empire.

The Eastern Question: European challenges and Ottoman responses; Crimean War; causes and outcomes of 19th-century crises in the Balkans

• 18M.3op1.HL.TZ0.23:

  Discuss the impact of the Crimean War on the Ottoman Empire.

Decline of Ottoman power in the Middle East and North Africa: Egypt, Libya, Algeria; Lebanon

• 19N.3op1.HL.TZ0.23: Discuss the reasons for the decline of Ottoman power in the Middle East and North Africa.
• 21N.3op1.HL.TZ0.23: “Rising nationalism was the main reason for the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th...

Attempts at internal reform and modernizations: causes, aims and effects of Tanzimat reforms; Abdul Hamid—reaction and reform

• 19M.3op1.HL.TZ0.23: “The Tanzimat reforms did not modernize the Ottoman Empire.” Discuss.
• 19N.3op1.HL.TZ0.24: Discuss the reasons why the Ottoman Empire attempted to introduce internal reform in the 19th...
• 20N.3op1.HL.TZ0.23: To what extent can Abdul Hamid be considered a reformer?

Growth of the Committee of Union and Progress to 1908–1909; reforms of the Young Turks; Balkan Wars (1912 and 1913)

• 18N.3op1.HL.TZ0.24:

  Evaluate the impact of the Committee of Union and Progress on the Ottoman Empire.

• 19M.3op1.HL.TZ0.24:

  Discuss the impact of the Balkan Wars (1912 and 1913) on the Ottoman Empire.

• 21M.3op1.HL.TZ0.24: Evaluate the reasons for the failure of the Young Turks to reform the Ottoman Empire after 1908.
• 22M.3op1.HL.TZ0.24: Evaluate the impact of the reforms implemented by the Young Turks.

Ottoman Empire in the First World War: reasons for entry; impact of war; rise of Ataturk and collapse of empire

• 17M.3op1.HL.TZ0.24: Evaluate the impact of the First World War on the Ottoman Empire.
• 17N.3op1.HL.TZ0.24: “The decline of Ottoman power was the main reason for the Ottoman Empire’s entry into the First...
• 18M.3op1.HL.TZ0.24:

  Evaluate the reasons for the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the First World War.

• 20N.3op1.HL.TZ0.24: Evaluate the impact of the First World War on the Ottoman Empire up to 1923.
• 21N.3op1.HL.TZ0.24: To what extent was fear of Russian expansion the main reason for Ottoman entry into the First...