To what extent can Abdul Hamid be considered a reformer?

Candidates will consider the merits or otherwise of the suggestion that Abdul Hamid can be considered a reformer. Reasons and/or results may extend beyond the timeframe, but they must be clearly linked to the issue raised in the question. Candidates may refer to his proclamation of the 1876 constitution, establishing a constitutional monarchy and individual rights. He improved Ottoman finances, reduced debt and the cost of government as well as modernizing communications, transportation and the armed forces. However, he abused the constitution to exercise absolute power. Parliament was never summoned after 1878. He eliminated opposition through extra-legal means, operated a ruthless secret police service and brutally persecuted minority groups. Other relevant factors may be addressed, for example his successes/failures in foreign relations and how they affected the improvement or modernization of the Ottoman Empire. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.