Evaluate the impact of the First World War on the Ottoman Empire up to 1923.

Candidates will make an appraisal of the impact of the First World War on the Ottoman Empire up to 1923, weighing up its strengths and limitations or otherwise. Consequences may extend beyond the timeframe, but they must be clearly linked to the issue raised in the question. Candidates may refer to the dissolution of the Empire and its reduction to a limited area of Anatolia. Extensive loss of life and widespread damage to property and installations also resulted. The Treaty of Sevres provoked an armed nationalist movement under Ataturk. This war of resistance led to widespread ethnic persecutions and expulsions from Turkish and Greek territory. A war against Greece occurred in 1922 and resulted in the Turkish recovery of extensive territory, confirmed by the Treaty of Lausanne, which established the boundaries of modern Turkey. The Sultan was expelled and Turkey became a democratic republic under the leadership of Ataturk. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be clearly presented and supported by appropriate evidence.