| Date | November 2018 | Marks available | 15 | Reference code | 18N.3op1.HL.TZ0.23 |
| Level | Higher level only | Paper | Paper 3 (History of Africa and the Middle East) | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | Evaluate | Question number | 23 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Evaluate the reasons for, and the results of, Muhammad Ali’s challenge to Ottoman power.
Markscheme
The question requires that candidates make an assessment of the reasons for, and the results of, Muhammad Ali’s challenge to Ottoman power. For reasons, candidates may refer to outside interference such as defeats by Russia (1829) and France (1830) and nationalist causes such as the Greek War of Independence (1832) that illustrated Ottoman weakness. Candidates may also refer to unpopular and, in the short term, damaging army reforms within the Ottoman Empire. This encouraged Muhammad Ali to strike into Syria from Egypt (1831). For results, candidates may consider that Muhammad Ali was made the governor of Syria (1833). Candidates may also consider foreign interference by Russia (1832) and Britain (1838). Within the Ottoman Empire the defeat stimulated the Tanzimat reforms. Candidates may reach a judgment concerning the relative significance of the various factors they have considered.
