Date | November 2021 | Marks available | 15 | Reference code | 21N.3op1.HL.TZ0.24 |
Level | Higher level only | Paper | Paper 3 (History of Africa and the Middle East) | Time zone | TZ0 |
Command term | To what extent | Question number | 24 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Section 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)
To what extent was fear of Russian expansion the main reason for Ottoman entry into the First World War?
Markscheme
Candidates will consider the merits of the suggestion that fear of Russian expansion was the main reason for Ottoman entry into the First World War. Candidates may refer to Ottoman territorial losses to Russia in the 19th century, which caused fear of Russian ambitions. Ottoman weakness in the Balkan Wars emphasized how vulnerable they would be to future Russian aggression. Entry into the war on the German side gave them a chance to defeat Russia. Their failure to reach a diplomatic agreement with the Triple Entente made the Ottomans fearful that the Triple Entente would give their territory to Russia as a reward for participation in a European war. Candidates may argue that extensive German military and economic support to the Ottomans prior to the war had solidified relations and caused the Committee of Union and Progress to become pro-German. Improvements in the Ottoman army made them more confident in confronting Russia, as did German naval support in the Black Sea. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.