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Date November 2021 Marks available 15 Reference code 21N.3op1.HL.TZ0.24
Level Higher level only Paper Paper 3 (History of Africa and the Middle East) Time zone TZ0
Command term To what extent Question number 24 Adapted from N/A

Question

Section 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)

To what extent was fear of Russian expansion the main reason for Ottoman entry into the First World War?

Markscheme

Candidates will consider the merits of the suggestion that fear of Russian expansion was the main reason for Ottoman entry into the First World War. Candidates may refer to Ottoman territorial losses to Russia in the 19th century, which caused fear of Russian ambitions. Ottoman weakness in the Balkan Wars emphasized how vulnerable they would be to future Russian aggression. Entry into the war on the German side gave them a chance to defeat Russia. Their failure to reach a diplomatic agreement with the Triple Entente made the Ottomans fearful that the Triple Entente would give their territory to Russia as a reward for participation in a European war. Candidates may argue that extensive German military and economic support to the Ottomans prior to the war had solidified relations and caused the Committee of Union and Progress to become pro-German. Improvements in the Ottoman army made them more confident in confronting Russia, as did German naval support in the Black Sea. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

Examiners report

[N/A]

Syllabus sections

HL options: first exams 2017 » HL option 1: History of Africa and the Middle East » 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923) » Ottoman Empire in the First World War: reasons for entry; impact of war; rise of Ataturk and collapse of empire
HL options: first exams 2017 » HL option 1: History of Africa and the Middle East » 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)
HL options: first exams 2017 » HL option 1: History of Africa and the Middle East
HL options: first exams 2017

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