| Date | May 2017 | Marks available | 3 | Reference code | 17M.3.hl.TZ2.5 |
| Level | HL | Paper | 3 | Time zone | TZ2 |
| Command term | Compare and contrast | Question number | 5 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Rhodium and palladium are often used together in catalytic converters. Rhodium is a good reduction catalyst whereas palladium is a good oxidation catalyst.
Nickel(II) ions are least soluble at pH 10.5. Calculate the molar solubility of nickel(II) hydroxide at this pH. KspNi(OH)2 = 5.48 × 10–16.
Rhodium is paramagnetic with an electron configuration of [Kr] 5s14d8.
Explain, in terms of electron spin pairing, why paramagnetic substances are attracted to a magnetic field and diamagnetic substances are not.
Rhodium is a type 1 superconductor.
Sketch graphs of resistance against temperature for a conductor and superconductor.
Contrast type 1 and type 2 superconductors by referring to three differences between them.
Markscheme
Ksp= [Ni2+][OH−]2
OR
5.48 x 10−16 = [Ni2+][10−3.5]2
«[Ni2+] =» 5.48 x 10−9 «mol dm−3»
Award [2] for correct final answer.
[2 marks]
paramagnetic materials have unpaired electrons
OR
diamagnetic materials have all electrons «spin-»paired
unpaired electrons align with an external magnetic field
OR
paired electrons are not influenced by magnetic field
Accept “diamagnetic materials have no unpaired electrons" for M1.
[2 marks]
Conductor:
Accept any concave upwards curve or line showing resistance increasing with temperature. There should be a
y-axis intercept. Do not accept x-axis intercept for conductor.
Superconductor:
Sharp transition with vertical line to x-axis. Greater than Tc, accept any concave upwards curve or line showing resistance increasing with temperature.
[2 marks]
Any three of:
type 1 have lower critical temperature/Tc «than type 2»
OR
type 2 can superconduct at higher temperatures «than type 1»
type 1 are «elemental» metals AND type 2 can be alloys/composites/metal oxide ceramics/perovskites
type 1 have sharp transition to superconductivity AND type 2 have more gradual transition
type 1 have all «magnetic» flux expelled to normal state AND type 2 have partial penetration of flux in mixed state
type 1 typically work via Cooper pairs AND type 2 may not necessarily use this mechanism
magnetic fields can penetrate type 2 in the mixed state «in a type of Vortex» AND type 1 has no mixed state
type 1 have one critical magnetic field/Bc AND type 2 have two/Bc1 and Bc2
Award [1 max] if three correct pieces of information are given for one type only without contrasting with the other type.
Marks may also be awarded from suitable sketch(es).
Accept “H” for “B”.
[3 marks]
Examiners report
Syllabus sections
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18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.i:
Deduce the number of atoms per unit cell in vanadium.
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18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.iv:
Determine the volume, in cm3, of a vanadium unit cell.
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17M.3.hl.TZ1.8c:
Outline why superconductivity only occurs at low temperatures.
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18M.3.hl.TZ1.5d.i:
Deduce what the shape of the graph indicates about aluminium.
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18M.3.hl.TZ1.5d.ii:
Outline why the resistance of aluminium increases above 1.2 K.
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19M.3.hl.TZ1.3d(i):
Lithium has shown some superconductive properties when doped into graphene or when under high pressure. Under high pressure, however, the Meissner effect is absent.
Describe the Meissner effect.
- 18N.3.hl.TZ0.5a.i: State the name of the crystal structure of gold.
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19M.3.hl.TZ1.3d(ii):
At very low temperatures, lithium atoms enhance the phonon binding of electrons in graphene suggesting the formation of Cooper pairs.
Explain how Cooper pairs are formed.
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19M.3.hl.TZ2.7a:
State what is meant by a superconductor.
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18M.3.hl.TZ1.5b:
The diagram illustrates the crystal structure of aluminium metal with the unit cell indicated. Outline the significance of the unit cell.
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17N.3.hl.TZ0.8a:
Calculate the total number of cobalt atoms within its unit cell.
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17M.3.hl.TZ1.8a:
Lanthanum has a hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal structure. State the coordination number of each lanthanum atom.
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.9b: Outline one difference between type 1 and type 2 superconductors.
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.9a: Describe the Meissner effect.
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18N.3.hl.TZ0.5a.ii:
Calculate the number of atoms per unit cell of gold, showing your working.
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17M.3.hl.TZ1.8b:
Lanthanum becomes superconducting below 5 K. Explain, in terms of Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory, how superconductivity occurs.
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18M.3.hl.TZ1.5c:
When X-rays of wavelength 0.154 nm are directed at a crystal of aluminium, the first order diffraction pattern is observed at 18°. Determine the separation of layers of aluminium atoms in the crystal, in m, using section 1 of the data booklet.
- 19N.3.hl.TZ0.4a(ii): Suggest why the resistance of metals increases with temperature.
- 19N.3.hl.TZ0.4a(i): Outline how resistance to electric currents occurs in metals.
- 19N.3.hl.TZ0.4b: State two differences between Type I and Type II superconductors.
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19N.3.hl.TZ0.7:
X-ray crystallography of a metal crystal produces a diffraction pattern of bright spots.
Using X-rays of wavelength 1.54 × 10−10 m, the first bright spots were produced at an angle θ of 22.3° from the centre.
Calculate the separation between planes of atoms in the lattice, in meters, using section 1 of the data booklet.
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19M.3.hl.TZ1.3e:
Lithium forms a crystalline lattice with the unit cell structure shown below.
X-ray diffraction shows that the length of the edge of the unit cell is 3.51 × 10−8 cm.
Determine the density of lithium, in g cm−3, using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.
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18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.iii:
Calculate the average mass, in g, of a vanadium atom by using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.
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17N.3.hl.TZ0.6b:
Explain why Type 2 superconductors are generally more useful than Type 1.
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19M.3.hl.TZ2.6a:
State the number of atoms in the unit cell.
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19M.3.hl.TZ2.6b:
Determine the density of calcium, in g cm−3, using section 2 of the data booklet.
Ar = 40.08; metallic radius (r) = 1.97 × 10−10 m
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17N.3.hl.TZ0.8b.ii:
Determine a value for the density of cobalt, in g cm–3, using data from sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet and your answers from (a) and (b) (i).
If you did not obtain an answer to (b) (i), use 3.00 × 10–8 cm but this is not the correct answer.
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18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.v:
Determine the density, in g cm−3, of vanadium by using your answers to (a)(i), (a)(iii) and (a)(iv).
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17N.3.hl.TZ0.8b.i:
The atomic radius, r, of cobalt is 1.18 × 10–8 cm. Determine the edge length, in cm, of the unit cell, a, using the second diagram.
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18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.ii:
Calculate the expected first order diffraction pattern angle, in degrees, if x-rays of wavelength 150 pm are directed at a crystal of vanadium. Assume the edge length of the crystal to be the same as separation of layers of vanadium atoms found by x-ray diffraction. Use section 1 of the data booklet.
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16N.3.hl.TZ0.8a:
(i) The diagram below shows the diffraction of two X-ray beams, y and z of wavelength λ, shining on a chromium crystal whose planes are a distance d nm apart.
Deduce the extra distance travelled by the second beam, z, compared to the first one, y.
(ii) State the Bragg’s condition for the observed diffraction to be at its strongest (constructive interference).
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19M.3.hl.TZ2.18b:
Outline one approach to controlling industrial emissions of carbon dioxide.
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17M.3.hl.TZ2.5c.ii:
Rhodium is a type 1 superconductor.
Sketch graphs of resistance against temperature for a conductor and superconductor.
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18N.3.hl.TZ0.5b:
The edge length of the gold unit cell is 4.08 × 10‒8 cm.
Determine the density of gold in g cm‒3, using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.
- 20N.3.hl.TZ0.4b(i): CNT can act as Type 2 superconductors. Outline why Type 2 superconductors are generally more...
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20N.3.hl.TZ0.4b(ii):
Explain the role of electrons in superconducting materials in terms of the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory.
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16N.3.hl.TZ0.8b:
(i) The mass of one unit cell of chromium metal is 17.28 × 10−23 g. Calculate the number of unit cells in one mole of chromium. Ar(Cr) = 52.00.
(ii) Deduce the number of atoms of chromium per unit cell.
