Deduce the number of atoms per unit cell in vanadium.

Determine the volume, in cm³, of a vanadium unit cell.

Outline why superconductivity only occurs at low temperatures.

Deduce what the shape of the graph indicates about aluminium.

Outline why the resistance of aluminium increases above 1.2 K.

Lithium has shown some superconductive properties when doped into graphene or when under high pressure. Under high pressure, however, the Meissner effect is absent.

Describe the Meissner effect.

At very low temperatures, lithium atoms enhance the phonon binding of electrons in graphene suggesting the formation of Cooper pairs.

Explain how Cooper pairs are formed.

State what is meant by a superconductor.

The diagram illustrates the crystal structure of aluminium metal with the unit cell indicated. Outline the significance of the unit cell.

Calculate the total number of cobalt atoms within its unit cell.

Lanthanum has a hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal structure. State the coordination number of each lanthanum atom.

Calculate the number of atoms per unit cell of gold, showing your working.

Lanthanum becomes superconducting below 5 K. Explain, in terms of Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory, how superconductivity occurs.

When X-rays of wavelength 0.154 nm are directed at a crystal of aluminium, the first order diffraction pattern is observed at 18°. Determine the separation of layers of aluminium atoms in the crystal, in m, using section 1 of the data booklet.

X-ray crystallography of a metal crystal produces a diffraction pattern of bright spots.

Using X-rays of wavelength 1.54 × 10⁻¹⁰ m, the first bright spots were produced at an angle θ of 22.3° from the centre.

Calculate the separation between planes of atoms in the lattice, in meters, using section 1 of the data booklet.

Lithium forms a crystalline lattice with the unit cell structure shown below.

X-ray diffraction shows that the length of the edge of the unit cell is 3.51 × 10⁻⁸ cm.

Determine the density of lithium, in g cm⁻³, using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.

Calculate the average mass, in g, of a vanadium atom by using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.

Explain why Type 2 superconductors are generally more useful than Type 1.

State the number of atoms in the unit cell.

Determine the density of calcium, in g cm⁻³, using section 2 of the data booklet.

Ar = 40.08; metallic radius (r) = 1.97 × 10⁻¹⁰ m

Determine a value for the density of cobalt, in g cm^–3, using data from sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet and your answers from (a) and (b) (i).

If you did not obtain an answer to (b) (i), use 3.00 × 10^–8 cm but this is not the correct answer.

Determine the density, in g cm⁻³, of vanadium by using your answers to (a)(i), (a)(iii) and (a)(iv).

The atomic radius, r, of cobalt is 1.18 × 10^–8 cm. Determine the edge length, in cm, of the unit cell, a, using the second diagram.

Calculate the expected first order diffraction pattern angle, in degrees, if x-rays of wavelength 150 pm are directed at a crystal of vanadium. Assume the edge length of the crystal to be the same as separation of layers of vanadium atoms found by x-ray diffraction. Use section 1 of the data booklet.

Contrast type 1 and type 2 superconductors by referring to three differences between them.

(i) The diagram below shows the diffraction of two X-ray beams, y and z of wavelength λ, shining on a chromium crystal whose planes are a distance d nm apart.

Deduce the extra distance travelled by the second beam, z, compared to the first one, y.

(ii) State the Bragg’s condition for the observed diffraction to be at its strongest (constructive interference).

Outline one approach to controlling industrial emissions of carbon dioxide.

Rhodium is a type 1 superconductor.

Sketch graphs of resistance against temperature for a conductor and superconductor.

The edge length of the gold unit cell is 4.08 × 10^‒8 cm.

Determine the density of gold in g cm^‒3, using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.

Explain the role of electrons in superconducting materials in terms of the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory.