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Date	November 2020	Marks available	1	Reference code	20N.2.SL.tz0.3
Level	Standard Level	Paper	Paper 2	Time zone	time zone 0
Command term	Identify	Question number	3	Adapted from	N/A

Question

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

State the fitness test shown in the diagram.

[1]

Identify the movement at the hip on moving from position A to position B.

[1]

Explain the mechanics of inspiration for an athlete completing an aerobic fitness test.

[4]

Markscheme

sit & reach test;

flexion;

diaphragm and <external> intercostal muscles contract <more forcefully>;

causing the rib cage to move <further> upwards and outwards;

with assistance of the accessory muscles, eg deltoids, pectoralis;

therefore increasing the thoracic volume;

therefore reducing the thoracic pressure;

causes air to rush in <faster due to a greater pressure difference>;

increase of the depth of inhalation <per breath>;

increase of the frequency/rate of inhalation <per minute>;

Award [3] max if the student does not refer to the effect of exercise on the mechanism of inspiration.

Examiners report

Generally answered correctly.

Many students answered this question well enough to get 2 marks and a good number of students achieved the full marks. This topic (the effect of exercise on ventilation) has been asked repeatedly, in various ways in recent sessions and students are answering it much better.

Syllabus sections

Topic 4: Movement analysis

Show 149 related questions

18N.2.HL:.tz0.8e:
Explain sliding filament theory after acetylcholine (ACh) increases muscle membrane permeability.
19M.2.SL.tz0.3e:
The diagram shows the lower leg.

Identify the elements A, B and C of the lever system.
18N.1.HL:.tz0.13:
What muscle is the antagonist during flexion at the hip?

A. Iliopsoas

B. Sartorius

C. Gluteus maximus

D. Biceps femoris
22M.1.SL.tz0.16:
The diagram shows an athlete extending their left elbow while throwing a javelin. According to the sliding filament theory, which occurs in the muscle fibres of the athlete’s left triceps?

[Source: Eric Shamus, Jennifer Shamus: Sports Injury Prevention & Rehabilitation www.accessphysiotherapy.com Copyright
© McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.]

A. The H zone increases.

B. The A band shortens.

C. The Z lines move closer together.

D. The A band lengthens.
22M.1.SL.tz0.17: The diagram shows a downhill speed skier. What type of muscle contraction occurs in the...
22M.1.SL.tz0.19:
Levers are working throughout the body when a basketball player performs a jump shot. Where is the effort applied in the lower right leg?
22M.1.HL:.tz0.14: Which muscle is the agonist during the lowering phase of a sit-up? A. Pectoralis B. Rectus...
22M.1.HL:.tz0.15:
The diagram shows a volleyball player serving right-handed. Which is an example of a first-class lever during the acceleration phase of the serve?

[Source: 4x6/DigitalVision Vectors via Getty Images.]

A. Extension of the right elbow

B. Flexion of the left elbow

C. Plantar flexion of the right ankle

D. Extension of the left knee
22M.2.SL.tz0.3a: Define the term centre of mass.
22M.2.SL.tz0.4e:
Discuss the structure and function of the leg muscle fibres of an elite long jumper and a marathon runner.
22M.2.SL.tz0.5b:
Describe how a long jumper can manipulate the factors that affect projectile motion to increase their distance jumped during a competition.
18N.2.SL.tz0.3a:
Explain how acetylcholine (ACh) initiates skeletal muscle contraction.
18N.2.HL:.tz0.4a:
Explain how acetylcholine (ACh) initiates skeletal muscle contraction.
22M.1.SL.tz0.20: A ball hit during a game of tennis is subject to Newton’s laws of motion. What will increase...
20N.2.HL:.tz0.10e: The gymnast is performing a routine on the beam. Explain the influence of the position of the...
18N.2.SL.tz0.6a: Distinguish between the movement permitted in different types of joints.
18N.2.HL:.tz0.8c.ii: Outline components of a resistance training session in order to reduce DOMS.
19N.2.HL:.tz0.3e: Describe delayed onset muscle soreness.
19N.1.SL.tz0.18: Which levers have the effort and the load on the same side of the fulcrum? I. First class...
19N.1.SL.tz0.15: What describes the role of acetylcholine in skeletal muscle contraction? A. To open an...
19N.1.SL.tz0.17:
The velocity–time graph below shows the performance of two sprinters. Which statement describes the sprinters at 1 second?

[Source: adapted from www.liacoseducationalmedia.com]

A. Sprinter A is moving faster than Sprinter B at 1 second.

B. Sprinter B is moving faster than Sprinter A at 1 second.

C. Sprinter A and Sprinter B are moving at the same velocity at 1 second.

D. Sprinter A and Sprinter B are not moving at 1 second.
19N.1.SL.tz0.16:
The diagram shows a right foot. Which type of movement happens from Position A to Position B?

[Source: used with permission]

A. Dorsi flexion

B. Plantar extension

C. Eversion

D. Inversion
19N.1.SL.tz0.19: Which illustrates Newton’s second law of motion during a baseball game? A. The ball...
19N.1.SL.tz0.20:
The diagram shows elbow extension. Which type of lever is used?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

A. First

B. Second

C. Third

D. No lever is used during elbow extension
19N.2.SL.tz0.2a:
An athlete performs a vertical jump on a force plate. The graph shows the recorded ground reaction force of the athlete.

[Source: adapted from American Journal of Physics 69, 1198 (2001),
with the permission of the American Association of Physics Teachers]

State what happens to the athlete between C and D.
19N.2.SL.tz0.3c:
Using an example, outline an agonist.
19N.2.SL.tz0.5b: The diagram shows an athlete throwing a discus. Outline how Bernoulli’s principle acts on...
19N.2.SL.tz0.7a:
Explain the concept of angular momentum when a figure skater spins on ice.
19N.2.SL.tz0.6b:
Compare and contrast the structure of fast-twitch (type IIa and IIb) muscle fibres.
19N.2.SL.tz0.7b: Analyse the movement taking place at the figure skater’s shoulder when moving from Position A...
19M.2.HL:.tz0.3c:
Using an example of each, distinguish between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions.
19N.2.HL:.tz0.3a.iii: Outline the type of muscle contraction of the agonist at the elbow joint during the upward...
19N.2.HL:.tz0.3b.ii:
Compare and contrast the structure of fast-twitch (type IIa and IIb) muscle fibres.
19N.2.HL:.tz0.3a.ii: Identify the movement at the elbow joint during the upward phase from position A to position...
17M.1.SL.tz0.16: Which is an example of the application of Newton’s second law of motion? A. A sprinter...
17M.1.SL.tz0.19: What is the displacement of an 800 metre runner who runs two laps of a 400 metre running...
17M.1.SL.tz0.17: Which describes the centre of mass of an object? A. The distance from the point of balance...
17M.1.SL.tz0.20: Which of the following describes a third class lever? I. Effort force acts between the...
16M.2.SL.tz0.7e:
Compare and contrast slow and fast twitch muscle fibre types.
16N.1.SL.tz0.19: Which affects the flight path of a javelin when released? A. Speed B. Centre of mass C....
17M.2.SL.tz0.3a.i: Describe the following types of muscle contraction: concentric
16N.1.SL.tz0.16: Which are vector quantities? I. Momentum II. Speed III. Velocity A. I and II only B. I...
17N.1.SL.tz0.18: Which is the equation for force? A. Force = mass × acceleration B. Force = displacement ÷...
17N.1.SL.tz0.15: Which is the correct sequence of neural impulse transmission to the muscle? A. cell body →...
17N.1.SL.tz0.19: What is the centre of mass of a body? A. The geometric centre of the body B. The average...
18N.1.SL.tz0.18:
What describes acceleration and the direction of travel during X on the graph below?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]
18N.1.SL.tz0.19: What is the relationship between angular momentum, angular velocity and moment of...
18N.1.SL.tz0.20:
What happens to the centre of mass when the basketball player prepares to shoot, moving from position A to position B?

[Source: adapted from sdart/iStock]

A. Does not move

B. Moves upwards

C. Moves downwards

D. Moves forwards
18N.1.SL.tz0.15:
What is the structure labelled X in the diagram below?

[Source: Designua/Shutterstock]

A. Axon

B. Muscle

C. Dendrite

D. Cell body
19M.1.SL.tz0.16:
Which type of contraction occurs in the rectus femoris while performing a squat (moving from position A to B)?

A. Isometric

B. Isotonic eccentric

C. Isotonic concentric

D. Isokinetic eccentric
19M.2.SL.tz0.3a:
Identify the structures A, B and C in the diagram.
19M.1.SL.tz0.19: Why does a diver use the tuck position? A. To reduce spin by decreasing moment of...
19M.1.SL.tz0.20: What is the sequence of a motor unit signal travelling from the brain to the muscle? A. ...
19M.2.HL:.tz0.3a:
Identify the structures A, B and C in the diagram.
19M.1.SL.tz0.15:
A skier, when snowplowing, turns the soles of their feet outwards. What action are the feet performing?

A. Extension

B. Circumduction

C. Inversion

D. Eversion
18N.1.HL:.tz0.15: What happens to the centre of mass when the basketball player prepares to shoot, moving from...
18N.1.HL:.tz0.16:
Which area around the golf ball has the highest air pressure?

A. W

B. X

C. Y

D. Z
16N.2.SL.tz0.3c: Outline the role of cholinesterase in muscle contraction.
22M.1.SL.tz0.15:
The diagram shows a motor unit. In which area does the neurotransmitter acetylcholine act?

[Source: Designua / Shutterstock.]
22M.1.SL.tz0.18:
In preparation for a downhill running event, what can an athlete do during initial training to prevent delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?

A. Reduce eccentric muscle actions.

B. Increase eccentric muscle actions.

C. Reduce concentric muscle actions.

D. Increase intensity of muscle actions.
22M.2.HL:.tz0.5a: Define the term centre of mass.
17M.2.SL.tz0.3b: Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction.
17N.2.SL.tz0.6b: Outline the process of the sliding filament theory after calcium has been released and until...
19M.1.SL.tz0.17: Which is an example of a second-class lever? A. The ankle joint during plantar flexion B. ...
18N.2.HL:.tz0.4b:
Analyse how capillary and mitochondrial densities affect slow twitch (type I) muscle fibres.
18N.2.HL:.tz0.8c.i:
Define delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
16N.2.SL.tz0.7c:
Explain how the application of Newton’s third law of motion enables an athlete to run uphill.
19N.1.HL:.tz0.13:
The diagram below shows an arm movement. Which type of movement occurs from A to B?

[Source: © David Darling, http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/angular_momentum.html]

A. Adduction

B. Abduction

C. Elevation

D. Circumduction
19N.1.HL:.tz0.14: The mass of a body being balanced in all directions defines which term? A. Centre of...
18N.1.SL.tz0.17: Which muscle contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens under tension? A. Isokinetic B....
19M.1.SL.tz0.18: Which of Newton’s laws predicts the increase in acceleration of the swing when a child uses a...
19M.2.SL.tz0.3d:
Explain reciprocal inhibition during knee extension when kicking.
16M.1.SL.tz0.18: Which of the following describes Newton’s second law of motion? A. The rate of change of...
17M.1.SL.tz0.18: Why is the knee bent during the recovery phase of running? A. To move the centre of gravity...
17M.2.SL.tz0.3a.ii: Describe the following types of muscle contraction: eccentric
17M.2.SL.tz0.6b: Explain how acetylcholine contributes to skeletal muscle contraction.
18N.1.HL:.tz0.12:
Which movement is performed at the ankle joint in the diagram below?

A. Eversion

B. Inversion

C. Dorsi flexion

D. Plantar flexion
18N.2.HL:.tz0.8b: Distinguish between the movement permitted in different types of joints.
17M.2.SL.tz0.6e:
Explain the concept of reciprocal inhibition occurring at the knee when kicking a ball.
18N.1.SL.tz0.16:
Which movement is performed at the ankle joint in the diagram below?

[Source: adapted from https://pixabay.com]

A. Eversion

B. Inversion

C. Dorsi flexion

D. Plantar flexion
17N.2.SL.tz0.5d: Explain how characteristics of type IIb muscle fibres could enhance the performance of a...
16M.1.SL.tz0.17: Which of the following defines momentum? A. force × time B. velocity × time C. mass ×...
17N.1.SL.tz0.17: What is the muscle contraction where length of the muscle remains the same? A. Isotonic...
16N.2.SL.tz0.2c:
Analyse the ankle joint movement at take-off when rebounding in basketball in relation to joint action and type of muscle contraction.
16N.2.SL.tz0.3d:
Explain the role of myosin in muscle contraction after adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is broken down and releases energy.
18N.2.HL:.tz0.4c:
Diagram A, shows a gymnast balanced on a beam. In Diagram B, she is about to fall. Explain how a fall can be avoided by moving the body and therefore the centre of mass.

AB

[Source: © Ranko Bojanovic/123RF.COM]
21N.2.SL.tz0.1b: Calculate the difference between mean eccentric rate of force development for baseball and...
21N.1.SL.tz0.17:
Which term is correctly matched to the type of quantity that it measures?
21N.1.SL.tz0.18: The diagram shows a gymnast. Which represents the correct location for the centre of mass?
21N.1.SL.tz0.19: A golfer wants to increase the force applied to their golf ball to make it travel further....
21N.2.SL.tz0.1c: Using the data from Table 1, analyse the differences in force–time variables for basketball,...
16M.2.SL.tz0.7d:
Explain DOMS in relation to muscle contraction.
19M.2.HL:.tz0.12b:
Outline how the Bernoulli principle affects a golf ball in flight.
18N.2.SL.tz0.3b:
Analyse how capillary and mitochondrial densities affect slow twitch (type I) muscle fibres.
19M.2.HL:.tz0.12a:
Apply Newton’s second law of motion to the distance travelled by a golf ball after being struck.
21N.1.SL.tz0.20: When a golfer hits a golf ball with backspin, what is the effect of the spin on the ball? A....
17M.2.SL.tz0.4e:
Describe the types of movement of the ball and socket joint at the shoulder.
19M.2.SL.tz0.6c:
Outline how the Bernoulli principle affects a golf ball in flight.
18N.2.SL.tz0.6d:
Using an example, analyse conditions for acceleration.
19M.2.SL.tz0.6d:
Apply Newton’s second law of motion to the distance travelled by a golf ball after being struck.
20N.1.SL.tz0.18: The diagram shows velocity–time graphs. Which graph shows the greatest change in velocity?
22M.2.HL:.tz0.5b: The diagram shows a gymnast performing a piked...
22M.2.HL:.tz0.9e:
Discuss the structure and function of the leg muscle fibres of an elite long jumper and a marathon runner.
22M.2.HL:.tz0.11d: A table-tennis ball is hit with topspin. Apply the Bernoulli principle to the projectile...
22M.2.SL.tz0.3b:
The diagram shows a gymnast performing a piked somersault.

[Source: www.gymdrills4profs.com.]

Explain the manipulation of the moment of inertia during the flight and landing phases.
22M.2.SL.tz0.6d: A table-tennis ball is hit with topspin. Apply the Bernoulli principle to the projectile...
21M.1.SL.tz0.16:
What is an example of an isotonic eccentric contraction for the triceps?

A. Lowering phase (elbow flexion) in a push-up

B. Lifting phase (elbow extension) in a push-up

C. Execution phase (elbow extension) when throwing a ball

D. Preparation phase (elbow flexion) when throwing a ball
20N.1.SL.tz0.17: What causes an increase in angular velocity during a spin where no additional forces are...
20N.1.SL.tz0.15:
What type of movement takes place from Position A to Position B in the diagram?

[Source: Adapted from Kanthi.M.H, George V.I, Mruthyunjaya H.S, “Fuzzy logic control for active Ankle Foot
Orthosis”, IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (Fuzz IEEE), Hyderabad, India, July 7–10, 2013.]

A. Eversion

B. Inversion

C. Dorsi flexion

D. Plantar flexion
20N.1.SL.tz0.16:
The diagram shows joints in motion. Which shows a muscle undergoing eccentric contraction?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]
20N.1.SL.tz0.19:
The diagram shows a high jumper performing a Fosbury Flop. During which phase is the centre of mass outside the athlete?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]
20N.1.SL.tz0.20: What causes a golf ball to lift after being hit?
18N.2.SL.tz0.5e:
Explain sliding filament theory after acetylcholine (ACh) increases muscle membrane permeability.
20N.2.SL.tz0.7a: Define Newton’s first law of motion.
20N.2.SL.tz0.6a: Analyse the movement at the knee and hip as the rower moves from position A to position B in...
20N.2.SL.tz0.6c: Describe how the characteristics of slow-twitch muscle fibres are suited to a rower.
20N.2.SL.tz0.7b: Explain how Newton’s laws of motion apply in a team sport.
17N.2.SL.tz0.7c:
Explain the application of Newton’s three laws of motion to a swimmer as they start a race from the blocks.
20N.2.HL:.tz0.3b: Identify the movement at the hip on moving from position A to position B.
20N.2.HL:.tz0.7b: Describe how the characteristics of slow-twitch muscle fibres are suited to a rower.
20N.2.HL:.tz0.9b: Explain how Newton’s laws of motion apply in a team sport.
20N.2.HL:.tz0.9a:
Define Newton’s first law of motion.
20N.1.HL:.tz0.12:
The diagram shows a motor unit. What is the structure labelled X?

[Source: By Designua / Shutterstock.]

A. Axon

B. Nucleus

C. Cell body

D. Dendrite
21M.2.SL.tz0.1d:
Identify the brand of helmet that demonstrated the lowest mean impact force.
21M.2.SL.tz0.1a.i: Identify which shoulder has the greatest mean impact force.
21M.2.SL.tz0.1e:
Deduce the effect of having a soft-covering cap on the impact force of the different helmets.
21M.2.SL.tz0.1a.ii: Calculate the difference, in Newtons, between mean maximum impact force for dominant and...
21M.1.SL.tz0.19: How is angular momentum calculated? A. Moment of inertia ÷ angular velocity B. Moment of...
21M.1.SL.tz0.18:
What is an example of a first-class lever?

A. Triceps contracting, moving the elbow

B. Biceps contracting, moving the elbow

C. Quadriceps contracting, moving the knee

D. Hamstrings contracting, moving the knee
21M.1.SL.tz0.15:
What shortens during muscular contraction according to the sliding filament theory?

A. Z line

B. A band

C. H zone

D. Actin
21M.1.SL.tz0.17:
Which term describes a scalar quantity?

A. Acceleration

B. Distance

C. Displacement

D. Velocity
21M.1.SL.tz0.20:
For successful completion, which event requires the greatest angle of release?

A. High jump

B. Long jump

C. Shot put

D. Discus
21M.1.HL:.tz0.15:
The diagram shows a pole vaulter clearing the bar. Which number represents the correct position of the centre of mass?

[Source: HAY JAMES G., THE BIOMECHANICS OF SPORTS TECHNIQUES,
4th Ed., ©1993 Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.]

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4
21M.2.SL.tz0.1a.iii: Using the data, discuss the hypothesis that wearing padding could reduce the incidence of...
19N.2.HL:.tz0.7b:
The diagram shows a figure skater spinning on ice.

[Source: © David Darling, http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/angular_momentum.htm]

Explain the concept of angular momentum when a figure skater spins on ice.
21M.2.HL:.tz0.8b:
Analyse the structure of slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibres.
21M.2.SL.tz0.7a: The soccer player David Beckham could bend the path of a ball through the air in order to...
21M.2.SL.tz0.1b: Suggest reasons for the lower impact forces recorded in the laboratory setting.
21M.2.SL.tz0.7b:
Using examples, outline Newton’s three laws of motion during a soccer match.
21M.2.HL:.tz0.8a:
Outline features of the three different types of muscle found in the body.
21N.1.SL.tz0.15: The diagram shows a motor unit. What structure is labelled X? A. Dendrite B. Axon C....
21N.1.SL.tz0.16: The diagram shows a swimmer performing backstroke. What type of movement correctly describes...
21N.2.SL.tz0.1a: Identify the sport with the greatest mean jump height.
21N.2.SL.tz0.7b: Discuss the structural differences between slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibre types.
21N.2.HL:.tz0.10b: Discuss the structural differences between slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibre types.
21N.1.HL:.tz0.14: When the forearm acts as a first-class lever to extend the elbow, which muscle acts as the...
21N.1.HL:.tz0.16:
The diagram shows someone performing a tuck dive. How does the angular velocity change when the diver moves from position 2 to position 3 in the diagram?

[Source: Courtesy Swim England.]

A. It decreases to change the moment of inertia.

B. It remains the same in order to conserve momentum.

C. It increases in order to conserve momentum.

D. It is not altered with a change in moment of inertia.
21N.2.HL:.tz0.8a:
The diagram shows a person performing a somersault dive from a 10 m platform.

Outline how they use the law of conservation of angular momentum to perform a somersault dive.
21N.2.SL.tz0.6d:
The diagram shows a person performing a somersault dive from a 10 m platform.

Outline how they use the law of conservation of angular momentum to perform a somersault dive.

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