Outline characteristics of performance outcome model of qualitative biomechanical analysis for an individual sports technique.

Distinguish between the movement permitted in different types of joints.

Define delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).

Outline components of a resistance training session in order to reduce DOMS.

Analyse factors that decrease drag for a road cyclist.

Explain sliding filament theory after acetylcholine (ACh) increases muscle membrane permeability.

the model provides support to athletes and coaches to improve performance ✔

addresses mechanical factors that affect performance ✔

suggests that there is a hierarchy of factors on which successful performance is based ✔

factors that can be considered are speed principles/force principles/coordination principles/specific performance principles ✔

inflammatory reactions in muscle associated with structural muscle damage/overstretching/overtraining ✔

The pain felt in the muscle 24–72 hours after exercise due to vigorous training✔

undergo prior eccentric exercise ✔

start training at a low intensity ✔

gradual increase of the intensity ✔

a tucked body position that decreases surface area/size while cycling decreases drag ✔

decreased opposing wind decreases drag ✔

clothing such as tight apparel will decrease drag ✔

equipment for cycling such as appropriately designed helmet and bicycle will decrease drag ✔

avoidance of turbulent air/drafting/being behind the athlete in front decreases drag ✔

shaving/waxing skin has a positive effect on reducing drag ✔

lower speed decreases drag ✔

Award [2 max] for a list.

sodium ions/Na⁺ enter the muscle and change the polarization in the myofibril ✔

the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions ✔

calcium ions bind to troponin ✔

Tropomyosin/troponin complex exposes the binding site «on actin» ✔

myosin «head» creates a cross-bridge with the actin ✔

power stroke takes place ✔

myosin releases actin if new ATP appears ✔

myosin head reattached further down the actin filament repeating the cycle < called the ratchet mechanism>✔

process goes on until acetylcholine-esterase breaks the acetylcholine down ✔

Many candidates confused the question with the phase analysis model. This is an area of further revision and coverage by teachers as many candidates struggled to receive credit for this question.

Many candidates accessed three marks. However, candidates often described the features of the joints and wrote long responses rather than answering the command term and specific focus which was on the movements permitted. Some candidates outlined the different movements permitted at each type of synovial joint, and were therefore unable to access the marks.

Many candidates described DOMS as a delayed soreness occurring in the muscles; a more specific definition is required.

Many candidates focused on elements of warm up and cool downs, including the use of ice baths. Focusing on the changes to the resistance training element of the programme was required.

In general, this was answered really well, many candidates were able to describe methods to reduce surface drag, and how to change body position to affect form drag.

Overall answered well, candidates started at the specified point after acetylcholine (Ach) increases muscle membrane permeability. However, some candidates are confused between troponin & tropomyosin as well as actin & myosin.