Define Newton’s first law of motion.

Explain how Newton’s laws of motion apply in a team sport.

The diagram shows a basketball player shooting.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

 Describe types of feedback when shooting in a basketball game.

Apply methods of minimizing and maximizing friction in a sport.

Using examples, suggest simple notation systems for a soccer game.

Newton’s first law states:
a body will remain/continue in a state of rest or uniform motion/velocity unless acted upon by external (or unbalanced) forces;

Newton’s first law:
remain stationary unless external or unbalanced forces applied, eg goal keeper during a penalty kick;

remain at constant velocity, eg midway in sprint for a ball;

Newton’s second law:
the greater the force applied to the ground / equipment the greater the acceleration of the performer / equipment, eg kicking a football;

Newton’s third law:
as the athlete pushes down and backwards on the ground, the ground pushes upwards, eg during a rebound in basketball;

Intrinsic:
is the physical feel of the movement as it is being performed eg the feeling of shooting in basketball;

Extrinsic:
provided by external sources, during or after a performance eg teammates or a coach providing feedback on the shot;

Knowledge of results:
focuses on the end of the performance or the result/outcome of the movement eg was the shot successful?;

Knowledge of performance:
focuses on how well the athlete performed the movement, eg the quality of the technique/movement pattern of the shot;

Positive:
usually provided by a coach or more experienced player. eg receiving praise for the shot;

Negative:
received when the movement is incorrect/unsuccessful. eg no praise;

Concurrent:
feedback received throughout the skill. eg information received from the shooter whilst shooting;

Terminal:
feedback received after the performance has been completed eg at the end of the basketball shot;

Award [2] max for a list of feedback types with a relevant example.

Maximize
footwear with grip, eg spikes/studs/cleats;

change playing surface, eg astroturf/tarmac;

gloves/talc to increase friction;

warming, eg balls in squash / tyres
OR
surface area increase, eg cyclist indoor velodrome;

Minimize
change playing surface, eg waxing floor;

footwear, eg skates;

Award max [4] for either max or min.

scatter diagrams can represent the playing area and allow for the location of events;

eg location of shots made in a soccer match;

frequency tables can be used to record tallies of events/skills;

eg number of successful passes made by the defenders in a soccer game;

sequential systems record chronologically ordered list of match events;

eg position of team during transition;

Award max [3] per system.

Accept relevant graphs/ diagrams.

Generally answered satisfactorily, but some candidates lack understanding that motion is constant velocity (either rest/motion) and the need for an unequal force to be applied.

Students were able to give a good description for Newton's first and third laws. However, the application
of Newton's second law was often very poor or vaguely answered.

Candidates have knowledge of the types of feedback and demonstrated an understanding of basketball. However, there was little description of the forms of feedback and the depth and quality of the examples were poor.

Many candidates were able to offer some examples for maximising and minimising friction. However, a number candidates confused this with drag.

Candidates were able to state one or two of the main methods of notation. However, few candidates described the types or provided suitable examples.