| Date | November 2019 | Marks available | 2 | Reference code | 19N.2.SL.TZ0.3 |
| Level | Standard Level | Paper | Paper 2 | Time zone | Time zone 0 |
| Command term | Outline | Question number | 3 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Figure 3: Current and projected total fertility rates by region
[Source: adapted from World Resources Institute, https://www.wri.org/blog/2013/12/global-food-challenge-explained-18-
graphics. File licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]
Using Figure 3 identify the region with the highest fertility rate in the period 2005–2010.
Outline two possible reasons for the projected change in total fertility rate in Sub-Saharan Africa in the period 2045–2050.
Identify two reasons for the projected increase in total fertility rate in Europe by the period 2045–2050.
Markscheme
Sub-Saharan Africa.
increased level of education;
emancipation/empowerment/greater independence of women economically/in having children;
material ambition/increased economic cost of large families / urbanization;
decrease in need to use children for labour; (due to increased mechanization of agriculture)
(increased foreign funding toward) spread of family planning/ contraception;
reduced child mortality (due to health improvements) would allow having less children;
political decision/governmental initiatives to reduce young dependents and improve development / increased implementation of anti-natalist policies.
Note: TFR is an average figure per capita so responses making reference to overall size of population are irrelevant and should not be credited.
pronatal policies/governmental incentives (to address economic issues/increasing dependency ratio/international competition);
eg reduced taxation/financial support for extra children;
longer maternity/paternity leave;
better day-care facilities/nurseries for infants/more flexible working hours for parents with small children;
Do not credit ‘migration’. This may affect growth rate but would have an uncertain effect on TFR (unless candidates include the conditions of the migration coming from a country with high TFR that is subsequently maintained in host-country).
