Outline two possible reasons for the projected change in total fertility rate in Sub-Saharan Africa in the period 2045–2050.

Identify two reasons for the projected increase in total fertility rate in Europe by the period 2045–2050.

Identify one reason why the natural increase rate, calculated in part (a), is different from the actual growth rate of the population, which was 0.63% in 2015.

Technocentrists may support the belief that technological development has always been able to overcome limits to human population growth.

To what extent do the patterns of growth and development in human populations, as demonstrated in the Demographic Transition Model, support this claim?

Outline one environmental implication of the highest projection for world population being realised.

Outline how demographic tools can be used to study a human population.

With reference to Figures 3(a) and 3(b) describe the trends in Iceland’s population dynamic

With reference to Figures 2, 3(a) and 3(b), identify two reasons why Madagascar is considered to be at Stage 2 of the demographic transition model.

Outline one disadvantage of modelling future human population sizes.

Outline one advantage of modelling future human population sizes.

Calculate the range between the highest and lowest projected population size for 2100.

From the shape of the age-gender pyramid in the resource booklet, Figure 5(b), suggest how the population in Brazil is likely to change in the next 30 years.

With reference to Figure 3(b), outline two reasons for differences between the age-gender pyramids for Indonesia and Timor-Leste.

Identify two factors that could explain the variation in the projected population growth for the world.

Using Figure 3(b), identify the region that has the most countries with a decrease in the percentage change in population between 2010 and 2019.

Outline one strength and one limitation of the demographic transition model.

The future growth of human populations is unlikely to be limited by the availability of energy resources. However, they could easily be limited by the impacts of energy production.

Discuss the validity of this statement.

To what extent does the development of different societies impact their choice of mitigation and adaptation strategies for climate change?

Using data from Figure 5(a) in the resource booklet, calculate the natural increase rate for Brazil in 2015.

After the hurricane, thousands of men and women left Dominica in search of work. With reference to Figure 4(a), draw a post-hurricane age–gender pyramid for Dominica to illustrate this outward migration.

With reference to Figures 4(a) and 4(b), suggest how population change may impact resource use on Dominica in the future.

Outline the socioeconomic factors that may cause a society to move from Stage 2 to Stage 3 on the demographic transition model.

Costa Rica has a crude birth rate (CBR) of 15.3 and a crude death rate (CDR) of 4.8. Identify the stage in which Costa Rica would be placed on the demographic transition model shown in Figure 1.

Costa Rica has a crude birth rate (CBR) of 15.3 and a crude death rate (CDR) of 4.8. Calculate the natural increase rate (NIR) for Costa Rica.

Costa Rica has a crude birth rate (CBR) of 15.3 and a crude death rate (CDR) of 4.8. Calculate the doubling time for Costa Rica.

Discuss the effect of hurricanes on the social and ecological development of Dominica.

Outline one economic implication of the highest projection for world population being realised.

Using Figure 3(a), identify the year in which the median prediction of the world population will reach 10 billion.

With reference to Figure 4(b), suggest three possible reasons for the changes between the age–gender pyramid for 1990 and that projected for 2050.

Based on the 2018 data in Figure 4(a), calculate the doubling time for the population of Costa Rica.

To what extent are natural limiting factors more likely than population policies to limit global human population growth in the future?

Discuss how a country’s stage in the demographic transition model (DTM) might influence its national population policy.

Outline one reason for the uncertainty in predicting the world’s population in Figure 3(a).

Outline two factors that could contribute to a reduction in population in the countries in Figure 3(b).