| Date | May 2019 | Marks available | 2 | Reference code | 19M.1.SL.TZ0.2 |
| Level | Standard Level | Paper | Paper 1 | Time zone | Time zone 0 |
| Command term | Outline | Question number | 2 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Figure 3(b): Age-gender pyramids for Indonesia and Timor-Leste
With reference to Figure 3(b), outline two reasons for differences between the age-gender pyramids for Indonesia and Timor-Leste.
Markscheme
Indonesia has a declining birth/fertility rate due to increase in female empowerment/equality/education/later marriages / Timor-Leste has a high birth/fertility rate due to less access to education for women;
Indonesia has a declining birth/fertility rate due to access to contraception/family planning / Timor-Leste has higher birth/fertility rates due to lack of access to contraception/family planning;
Indonesia has lower infant/child mortality/lower death rates/higher life expectancy due to improvements/access to medicine/public health / Timor-Leste has high death rates/low life expectancy due to limited access to healthcare;
Indonesia has increasing urbanization/migration from rural areas to cities which results in a lower birth rate / Timor-Leste has a high birth rate due to large rural population where children are required to work in agriculture/support parents/religious/cultural reasons;
Indonesia has introduced population policies/publicity campaigns to reduce fertility rates;
age-gender pyramid for Indonesia is in millions whereas for Timor-Leste it is in thousand because of differences in population size;
Do not accept statements without accompanying reason eg “Indonesia has a high life expectancy.”
Do not accept “Timor-Leste is a less developed country / Indonesia is more developed / stage of demographic model” as a reason.
Do not accept “Indonesia has greater land which allows for a larger population/Timor-Leste has smaller land area which accounts for smaller population”.
Do not accept only “healthier lifestyle / medical status”.
[2 max]
Examiners report
Few candidates achieved full marks for this question. Many responses only gave a description of the age-gender pyramid or focused on birth rate and death rate without giving specific reasons for the differences observed. Some responses only stated the reasons but did not outline the actual differences between the pyramids.
