DP Chemistry Questionbank

Which change of state is exothermic? 

A. CO₂(s) → CO₂(g)
B. H₂O(l) → H₂O(g) 
C. NH₃(g) → NH₃(l) 
D. Fe(s) → Fe(l)

Which statements about bond strength and activation energy are correct for this reaction?

${\mathrm{CH}}_4 \left(\mathrm{g}\right)+2{\mathrm{O}}_2 \left(\mathrm{g}\right)\to {\mathrm{CO}}_2 \left(\mathrm{g}\right)+2{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O} \left(\mathrm{l}\right)$      $∆H^{⦵}=-891 \mathrm{kJ}$

Calculate the standard enthalpy change, $∆H^{⦵}$, for this reaction using section 12 of the data booklet.

Which expression gives the mass, in g, of ethanol required to produce 683.5 kJ of heat upon complete combustion?

(M_r for ethanol = 46.0, $\mathrm{\Delta }{H}_c^{\theta }=-1367\text{ kJ}\text{mo}{\text{l}}^{-1}$)

A.     $\frac{683.5}{1367\times 46.0}$

B.     $\frac{1367}{683.5\times 46.0}$

C.     $\frac{683.5\times 46.0}{1367}$

D.     $\frac{1367\times 46.0}{683.5}$

The standard enthalpy of formation of N₂H₄(l) is +50.6 kJ$$mol⁻¹. Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, ΔH_vap, of hydrazine in kJ$$mol⁻¹.

N₂H₄(l) → N₂H₄(g)

(If you did not get an answer to (f), use −85 kJ but this is not the correct answer.)

Suggest how heat loss could be reduced.

Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas the melting points of the group 17 elements (F → I) increase down the group.

Which statement is correct for this reaction?

Fe₂O₃ (s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe (s) + 3CO₂ (g)       ΔH = −26.6 kJ

A. 13.3 kJ are released for every mole of Fe produced.

B. 26.6 kJ are absorbed for every mole of Fe produced.

C. 53.2 kJ are released for every mole of Fe produced.

D. 26.6 kJ are released for every mole of Fe produced.

What is the enthalpy change, in J, when 5 g of water is heated from 10°C to 18°C?

Specific heat capacity of water: 4.18 kJ kg⁻¹ K⁻¹

A.  5 × 4.18 × 8

B.  5 × 10⁻³ × 4.18 × 8

C.  5 × 4.18 × (273 + 8)

D.  5 × 10⁻³ × 4.18 × (273 + 8)

Iron has a relatively small specific heat capacity; the temperature of a 50 g sample rises by 44.4°C when it absorbs 1 kJ of heat energy.

Determine the specific heat capacity of iron, in J g⁻¹K⁻¹. Use section 1 of the data booklet.

Explain, using equations, how the presence of ${\text{CCl}}_{\text{2}}{\text{F}}_{\text{2}}$ results in a chain reaction that decreases the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere.

Consider the following reaction:

N₂ (g) + 3H₂ (g) $\rightleftharpoons$ 2NH₃ (g)

Which calculation gives ΔH^Θ, in kJ, for the forward reaction?

A.   2z − y − 3x

B.   y + 3x − 2z

C.   y + 3x − 6z

D.   6z − y − 3x

The reaction was carried out in a calorimeter. The maximum temperature rise of the solution was 7.5 °C.

Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, of the reaction, in kJ, assuming that all the heat released was absorbed by the solution. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.

Outline why the value obtained in (b)(i) might differ from a value calculated using ΔH_f data.

Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, ΔH, using section 11 of the data booklet.

Predict, giving a reason, how the final enthalpy of reaction calculated from this experiment would compare with the theoretical value.

Determine the enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ, to produce A using section 11 of the data booklet.

Ethane-1,2-diol can be formed according to the following reaction.

2CO (g) + 3H₂ (g) $\rightleftharpoons$ HOCH₂CH₂OH (g)

(i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, K_c, for this reaction.

(ii) State how increasing the pressure of the reaction mixture at constant temperature will affect the position of equilibrium and the value of K_c.

Position of equilibrium:

K_c:

(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH^θ, in kJ, for this reaction using section 11 of the data booklet. The bond enthalpy of the carbon–oxygen bond in CO (g) is 1077kJmol^-1.

(iv) The enthalpy change, ΔH^θ, for the following similar reaction is –233.8 kJ.

2CO(g) + 3H₂(g) $\rightleftharpoons$ HOCH₂CH₂OH (l)

Deduce why this value differs from your answer to (a)(iii).

Hydrazine reacts with oxygen.

N₂H₄(l) + O₂(g) → N₂(g) + 2H₂O(l)      ΔH^θ = -623 kJ

What is the standard enthalpy of formation of N₂H₄(l) in kJ? The standard enthalpy of formation of H₂O(l) is -286 kJ.

A. -623 - 286
B. -623 + 572
C. -572 + 623
D. -286 + 623

Which combination will give you the enthalpy change for the hydrogenation of ethene to ethane, $∆H_3$?

A.  $-∆H_2+∆H_1-∆H_4$

B.  $∆H_2\mathit{-}∆H_1+∆H_4$

C.  $∆H_2+∆H_1-∆H_4$

D.  $-∆H_2\mathit{-}∆H_1+∆H_4$

Explain how the concentration may be calculated in this way.

Nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide react according to the following equation:

NO₂(g) + CO(g) $\rightleftharpoons$ NO(g) + CO₂(g)               ΔH = –226 kJ

Calculate the activation energy for the reverse reaction.

The combustion of glucose is exothermic and occurs according to the following equation:

C₆H₁₂O₆ (s) + 6O₂ (g) → 6CO₂ (g) + 6H₂O (g)

Which is correct for this reaction?

Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ. Use section 11 of the data booklet.

Bond enthalpy of CO = 1077 kJ mol⁻¹.

Thermodynamic data for the decomposition of calcium carbonate is given.

Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH, in kJ, for the decomposition of calcium carbonate.

Outline why no value is listed for H₂(g).

Which equation represents the standard enthalpy of formation of lithium oxide?

A.  4Li (s) + O₂(g) → 2Li₂O (s)

B.  2Li (s) + $\frac{1}{2}$O₂(g) → Li₂O (s)

C.  Li (s) + $\frac{1}{4}$O₂(g) → $\frac{1}{2}$Li₂O (s)

D.  Li (g) + $\frac{1}{4}$O₂(g) → $\frac{1}{2}$Li₂O (g)

State another assumption you made in (b)(i).

Determine the standard enthalpy change, ΔH^Θ, of step 1.

Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔH^Θ, of step 2 using section 13 of the data booklet.

Suggest why the values obtained in (d)(i) and (d)(ii) differ.

Outline why ozone in the stratosphere is important.

Methane undergoes incomplete combustion.

2CH₄ (g) + 3O₂ (g) → 2CO (g) + 4H₂O (g)

What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, using the bond enthalpy data given below?

A. [2(1077) + 4(463)] − [2(414) + 3(498)]

B. [2(414) + 3(498)] − [2(1077) + 4(463)]

C. [8(414) + 3(498)] − [2(1077) + 8(463)]

D. [2(1077) + 8(463)] − [8(414) + 3(498)]

What is the enthalpy change of the reaction?

C₆H₁₄ (l) → C₂H₄ (g) + C₄H₁₀ (g)

A.  + 1411 + 2878 + 4163

B.  + 1411 − 2878 − 4163

C.  + 1411 + 2878 − 4163

D.  − 1411 − 2878 + 4163

What is the enthalpy of combustion, ΔH_c, of ethanol in kJ mol⁻¹?
Maximum temperature of water: 30.0°C
Initial temperature of water: 20.0°C
Mass of water in beaker: 100.0 g
Loss in mass of ethanol: 0.230 g
M_r (ethanol): 46.08
Specific heat capacity of water: 4.18 J g⁻¹ K⁻¹
q = mcΔT

A.  $-\frac{100.0\times 4.18\times (10.0\times 273)}{{\displaystyle \frac{0.230}{46.08}}\times 1000}$

B.  $-\frac{0.0230\times 4.18\times 10.0}{{\displaystyle \frac{100.0}{46.08}}\times 1000}$

C.  $-\frac{100.0\times 4.18\times 10.0}{{\displaystyle \frac{0.230}{46.08}}\times 1000}$

D.  $-\frac{100.0\times 4.18\times 10.0}{{\displaystyle \frac{0.230}{46.08}}}$

Calculate the standard enthalpy change, $∆H^{⦵}$, for this reaction using section 12 of the data booklet.

State one other assumption that is usually made in the calculation of the heat produced.

Why is the value of the enthalpy change of this reaction calculated from bond enthalpy data less accurate than that calculated from standard enthalpies of formation?

2C₂H₆(g) + 7O₂(g) → 4CO₂(g) + 6H₂O(g)

A.     All the reactants and products are gases.

B.     Bond enthalpy data are average values for many compounds.

C.     Elements do not have standard enthalpy of formation.

D.     Standard enthalpies of formation are per mole.

Determine the heat change, q, in kJ, for the neutralization reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide.

Assume the specific heat capacities of the solutions and their densities are those of water.

Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ. Use section 11 of the data booklet.

Bond enthalpy of CO = 1077 kJ mol⁻¹.

What is the enthalpy change of combustion of urea, (NH₂)₂CO, in kJ mol⁻¹?

2(NH₂)₂CO(s) + 3O₂(g) → 2CO₂(g) + 2N₂(g) + 4H₂O(l)

A.     2 × (−333) −2 × (−394) −4 × (−286)

B.     $\frac{1}{2}$[2 × (−394) + 4 × (−286) −2 × (−333)]

C.     2 × (−394) + 4 × (−286) −2 × (−333)

D.     $\frac{1}{2}$[2 × (−333) −2 × (−394) −4 × (−286)]

Hydrogen gas can be formed industrially by the reaction of natural gas with steam.

                                          CH₄(g) + H₂O(g) → 3H₂(g) + CO(g)

Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction, in kJ, using section 11 of the data booklet.

Bond enthalpy for C≡O: 1077 kJ mol⁻¹

Consider the following reactions:

Fe₂O₃ (s) + CO (g) → 2FeO (s) + CO₂ (g)       ΔH^Θ = −3 kJ

Fe (s) + CO₂ (g) → FeO (s) + CO (g)               ΔH^Θ = +11 kJ

What is the ΔH^Θ value, in kJ, for the following reaction?

Fe₂O₃ (s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe (s) + 3CO₂ (g)

A.   −25

B.   −14

C.   +8

D.   +19

The formula q = mcΔT was used to calculate the energy released. The values used in the calculation were m = 25.00 g, c = 4.18 J g⁻¹ K⁻¹.

State an assumption made when using these values for m and c.

State what point Y on the graph represents.

The maximum temperature used to calculate the enthalpy of reaction was chosen at a point on the extrapolated (dotted) line.

State the maximum temperature which should be used and outline one assumption made in choosing this temperature on the extrapolated line.

Maximum temperature:

Assumption:

Consider the following equations.

2Al (s) + $\frac{3}{2}$O₂ (g) → Al₂O₃ (s)    ΔH^Ɵ = −1670 kJ
Mn (s) + O₂ (g) → MnO₂ (s)    ΔH^Ɵ = −520 kJ

What is the standard enthalpy change, in kJ, of the reaction below?

4Al (s) + 3MnO₂ (s) → 2Al₂O₃ (s) + 3Mn (s)

A. −1670 + 520

B. $\frac{3}{2}$(−1670) + 3(520)

C. 2(−1670) + 3(−520)

D. 2(−1670) + 3(520)

Copper(II) chloride is used as a catalyst in the production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride.

4HCl (g) + O₂ (g) → 2Cl₂ (g) + 2H₂O (g)

Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔH^θ, in kJ, for this reaction, using section 12 of the data booklet.

Determine the enthalpy of combustion of the organic product in (b), in kJ mol⁻¹, using data from section 11 of the data booklet.

(i) Suggest why incomplete combustion of plastic, such as polyvinyl chloride, is common in industrial and house fires.

(ii) Phthalate plasticizers such as DEHP, shown below, are frequently used in polyvinyl chloride.

With reference to bonding, suggest a reason why many adults have measurable levels of phthalates in their bodies.

In which reaction do the reactants have a lower potential energy than the products? 

A. CH₄(g) + 2O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(g)
B. HBr(g) → H(g) + Br(g) 
C. Na⁺(g) + Cl^-(g) → NaCl(s) 
D. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)

Explain, in terms of the molecular structure, the critical difference in properties that makes biodiesel a more suitable liquid fuel than vegetable oil.

What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, of the following reaction?

3H₂ (g) + N₂ (g) $\rightleftharpoons$ 2NH₃ (g)

A. (6 × 391) − [(3 × 436) + 945]

B. (3 × 391) − (436 + 945)

C. −[(3 × 436) + 945] + (3 × 391)

D. −(6 × 391) + [(3 × 436) + 945]

Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ mol^–1, for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide.

Explain, giving two reasons, the difference in the values for (c)(i) and (ii). If you did not obtain answers, use −475 kJ for (i) and −600 kJ for (ii).

Under certain conditions, ethyne can be converted to benzene.

Determine the standard enthalpy change, ΔH^ϴ, for the reaction stated, using section 11 of the data booklet.

                                        3C₂H₂(g) → C₆H₆(g)

Outline why the value of enthalpy of reaction calculated from bond enthalpies is less accurate.

The reaction was carried out in a calorimeter. The maximum temperature rise of the solution was 7.5 °C.

Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, of the reaction, in kJ, assuming that all the heat released was absorbed by the solution. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.

State another assumption you made in (b)(i).

Which equation represents the bond enthalpy for H–Br in hydrogen bromide?

A.  HBr (g) → H⁺ (g) + Br⁻ (g)

B.  HBr (g) → H (g) + Br (g)

C.  HBr (g) → $\frac{1}{2}$H₂ (g) + $\frac{1}{2}$Br₂ (l)

D.  HBr (g) → $\frac{1}{2}$H₂ (g) + $\frac{1}{2}$Br₂ (g)

Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the Haber–Bosch process, in kJ. Use Section 11 of the data booklet.

The IR spectrum and low resolution ¹H NMR spectrum of the actual product formed are shown.

Deduce whether the product is A or B, using evidence from these spectra together with sections 26 and 27 of the  data booklet.

Identity of product:

One piece of evidence from IR:

One piece of evidence from ¹H NMR:

Methane undergoes incomplete combustion.

2CH₄ (g) + 3O₂ (g) → 2CO (g) + 4H₂O (g)

What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, using the bond enthalpy data given below?

A. [2(1077) + 4(463)] − [2(414) + 3(498)]

B. [2(414) + 3(498)] − [2(1077) + 4(463)]

C. [8(414) + 3(498)] − [2(1077) + 8(463)]

D. [2(1077) + 8(463)] − [8(414) + 3(498)]

Estimate the time at which the powdered zinc was placed in the beaker.

The diagram shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and potential energy profile for the reaction without a catalyst.

Annotate both charts to show the activation energy for the catalysed reaction, using the label E_{a (cat)}.

Which equation represents the N–H bond enthalpy in NH₃?

A.  NH₃ (g) → N (g) + 3H (g)

B.  $\frac{1}{3}$NH₃ (g) → $\frac{1}{3}$N (g) + H (g)

C.  NH₃ (g) → $\frac{1}{2}$N₂ (g) + $\frac{3}{2}$H₂ (g)

D.  NH₃ (g) → •NH₂ (g) + •H (g)

5.35g of solid ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl(s), was added to water to form 25.0g of solution. The maximum decrease in temperature was 14 K. What is the enthalpy change, in kJmol^-1, for this reaction? (Molar mass of NH₄Cl = 53.5gmol^-1; the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 Jg^-1K^-1)

A. $\mathrm{\Delta }H=+\frac{25.0\times 4.18\times \left(14+273\right)}{0.1\times 1000}$

B. $\mathrm{\Delta }H=-\frac{25.0\times 4.18\times 14}{0.1\times 1000}$

C. $\mathrm{\Delta }H=+\frac{25.0\times 4.18\times 14}{0.1\times 1000}$

D. $\mathrm{\Delta }H=+\frac{25.0\times 4.18\times 14}{1000}$

Determine the standard enthalpy change, $∆H^{⦵}$, for this reaction, using section 11 of the data booklet.

Hydrazine has been used as a rocket fuel. The propulsion reaction occurs in several stages but the overall reaction is:

N₂H₄(l) → N₂(g) + 2H₂(g)

Suggest why this fuel is suitable for use at high altitudes.

Determine the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH, in kJ, when 1.00 mol of gaseous hydrazine decomposes to its elements. Use bond enthalpy values in section 11 of the data booklet.

N₂H₄(g) → N₂(g) + 2H₂(g)

Outline why the thermochemical method would not be appropriate for 0.001 mol$$dm⁻³ hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide of a similar concentration.

Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the spray reaction, using the data below.

What is the enthalpy change of the reaction, in kJ?

2C (graphite) + O₂(g) → 2CO (g)

A.  −394 − 283

B.  2(−394) + 2(−283)

C.  −394 + 283

D.  2(−394) + 2(283)

Determine the standard enthalpy change, ΔH^Θ, for the following similar reaction, using ΔH_f values in section 12 of the data booklet.

3C₂H₂(g) → C₆H₆(l)

Two 100 cm³ aqueous solutions, one containing 0.010 mol NaOH and the other 0.010 mol HCl, are at the same temperature.

When the two solutions are mixed the temperature rises by y °C.

Assume the density of the final solution is 1.00 g cm⁻³.

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g⁻¹ K⁻¹

What is the enthalpy change of neutralization in kJ mol⁻¹?

A.     $\frac{200\times 4.18\times y}{1000\times 0.020}$

B.     $\frac{200\times 4.18\times y}{1000\times 0.010}$

C.     $\frac{100\times 4.18\times y}{1000\times 0.010}$

D.     $\frac{200\times 4.18\times (y+273)}{1000\times 0.010}$

Calculate the standard enthalpy change (ΔH^⦵) for the forward reaction in kJ mol⁻¹.

ΔH^⦵_f PCl₃(g) = −306.4 kJ mol⁻¹

ΔH^⦵_f PCl₅(g) = −398.9 kJ mol⁻¹

Determine the molar enthalpy of combustion of an alkane if 8.75 × 10⁻⁴ moles are burned, raising the temperature of 20.0 g of water by 57.3 °C.

The energy from burning 0.250 g of ethanol causes the temperature of 150 cm³ of water to rise by 10.5 °C. What is the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol, in kJ mol^–1?

Specific heat capacity of water: 4.18 J g^–1K^–1.

A.  $\frac{150\times 4.18\times 10.5}{{\displaystyle \frac{0.250}{46.08}}}$

B.  $\frac{150\times 4.18\times 10.5}{{\displaystyle \frac{0.250}{46.08}}\times 1000}$

C.  $\frac{150\times 4.18\times \left(273+10.5\right)}{{\displaystyle \frac{0.250}{46.08}}}$

D.  $\frac{150\times 4.18\times \left(273+10.5\right)}{{\displaystyle \frac{0.250}{46.08}}\times 1000}$

Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ, for this reaction using data from the table and section 12 of the data booklet.

What is the enthalpy change of reaction for the following equation?

C₂H₄ (g) + H₂ (g) → C₂H₆ (g)

C₂H₄ (g) + 3O₂ (g) → 2CO₂ (g) + 2H₂O (l)        ΔH = x

C₂H₆ (g) + $\frac{7}{2}$O₂ (g) → 2CO₂ (g) + 3H₂O (l)    ΔH = y

H₂ (g) + $\frac{1}{2}$O₂ (g) → H₂O (l)                           ΔH = z

A. x + y + z

B. −x − y + z

C. x − y − z

D. x − y + z

A student obtained the following data to calculate $q$, using $q=mc\mathrm{\Delta }T$.

$m=20.2 \mathrm{g}\pm 0.2 \mathrm{g}$

$∆T=10°\mathrm{C}\pm 1°\mathrm{C}$

$c=4.18 \mathrm{J} {\mathrm{g}}^{-1} {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$

What is the percentage uncertainty in the calculated value of $q$?

A.  $0.2$

B.  $1.2$

C.  $11$

D.  $14$

Which statement is correct?

A.  ${\mathrm{O}}_3$ bond dissociation occurs at a longer wavelength of light than ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ bond dissociation.

B.  ${\mathrm{O}}_3$ bond dissociation occurs at a higher energy than ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ bond dissociation.

C.  ${\mathrm{O}}_3$ bond lengths are shorter than ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ bond lengths.

D.  ${\mathrm{O}}_3$ bond dissociation occurs at a higher frequency of light than ${\mathrm{O}}_2$ bond dissociation.

Determine the standard enthalpy change, $∆H^{⦵}$, for this reaction, using section 11 of the data booklet.

Heat losses would make this method less accurate than the pH probe method. Outline why the thermometric method would always give a lower, not a higher, concentration.

The overall equation for monochlorination of methane is:

CH₄(g) + Cl₂(g) → CH₃Cl(g) + HCl(g)

Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, ΔH ^θ, using section 12 of the data booklet.

State a technique other than a pH titration that can be used to detect the equivalence point.

The enthalpy changes for two reactions are given.

Br₂ (l) + F₂ (g) → 2BrF (g)         ΔH = x kJ
Br₂ (l) + 3F₂ (g) → 2BrF₃ (g)      ΔH = y kJ

What is the enthalpy change for the following reaction?

BrF (g) + F₂ (g) → BrF₃ (g)

A.  x – y

B.  –x + y

C.  $\frac{1}{2}$(–x + y)

D.  $\frac{1}{2}$(x – y)

What is the heat change, in kJ, when 100.0 g of aluminium is heated from 19.0 °C to 32.0 °C?

Specific heat capacity of aluminium: 0.90 J g⁻¹K⁻¹

A.  $0.90\times 100.0\times 13.0$

B.  $0.90\times 100.0\times 286$

C.  $\frac{0.90\times 100.0\times 13.0}{1000}$

D.  $\frac{0.90\times 100.0\times 286}{1000}$

Sketch an energy profile for the decomposition of calcium carbonate based on your answer to b(i), labelling the axes and activation energy, E_a.

Under certain conditions, ethyne can be converted to benzene.

Determine the standard enthalpy change, ΔH^Θ, for the reaction stated, using section 11 of the data booklet.

3C₂H₂(g) → C₆H₆(g)

Explain, giving two reasons, the difference in the values for (b)(i) and (ii). If you did not obtain answers, use −475 kJ for (i) and −600 kJ for (ii).

Determine the value of ΔH^Θ, in kJ, for the reaction using the values in the table.

Which combustion reaction releases the least energy per mole of C₃H₈?

Approximate bond enthalpy / kJ mol⁻¹
O=O    500
C=O    800
 C≡O   1000

A.  C₃H₈(g) + 5O₂(g) → 3CO₂(g) + 4H₂O (g)

B.  C₃H₈(g) + $\frac{9}{2}$O₂(g) → 2CO₂(g) + CO (g) + 4H₂O (g)

C.  C₃H₈(g) + 4O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2CO (g) + 4H₂O (g)

D.  C₃H₈(g) + $\frac{7}{2}$O₂(g) → 3CO (g) + 4H₂O (g)

Chemistry: Atoms First 2e, https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-4-strengths-of-ionic-andcovalent-bonds © 1999–2021, Rice University. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
(CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/.

Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH^⦵, for the Haber–Bosch process, in kJ, using the following data.

$∆H_{ \mathrm{f}}^{⦵}\left({\mathrm{NH}}_3\right)=-46.2 \mathrm{kJ} {\mathrm{mol}}^{-1}$.

Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, ΔH, using section 11 of the data booklet.

Outline why ozone in the stratosphere is important.

To determine the enthalpy of reaction the experiment was carried out five times. The same volume and concentration of copper(II) sulfate was used but the mass of zinc was different each time. Suggest, with a reason, if zinc or copper(II) sulfate should be in excess for each trial.

Predict, giving a reason, how the final enthalpy of reaction calculated from this experiment would compare with the theoretical value.

Determine the enthalpy of combustion of this compound, in kJ mol⁻¹, using data from section 11 of the data booklet.

The diagram shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and potential energy profile for the reaction without a catalyst.

Annotate both charts to show the activation energy for the catalysed reaction, using the label E_{a (cat)}.

(i) Calculate ΔH^θ, in kJ, for this similar reaction below using $\mathrm{\Delta }{H}_{\mathrm{f}}^{\theta }$ data from section 12 of the data booklet. $\mathrm{\Delta }{H}_{\mathrm{f}}^{\theta }$ of HOCH₂CH₂OH(l) is –454.8kJmol^-1.

2CO (g) + 3H₂ (g) $\rightleftharpoons$ HOCH₂CH₂OH (l)

(ii) Deduce why the answers to (a)(iii) and (b)(i) differ.

(iii) ΔS^θ for the reaction in (b)(i) is –620.1JK^-1. Comment on the decrease in entropy.

(iv) Calculate the value of ΔG^θ, in kJ, for this reaction at 298 K using your answer to (b)(i). (If you did not obtain an answer to (b)(i), use –244.0 kJ, but this is not the correct value.)

(v) Comment on the statement that the reaction becomes less spontaneous as temperature is increased.

Which equation shows the enthalpy of formation, $∆H_{\mathrm{f}}$, of ethanol?

A.  $2\mathrm{C} \left(\mathrm{s}\right)+3{\mathrm{H}}_2 \left(\mathrm{g}\right)+\frac{1}{2}{\mathrm{O}}_2 \left(\mathrm{g}\right)\to {\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_5\mathrm{OH} \left(\mathrm{g}\right)$

B.  $4\mathrm{C} \left(\mathrm{s}\right)+6{\mathrm{H}}_2 \left(\mathrm{g}\right)+{\mathrm{O}}_2 \left(\mathrm{g}\right)\to 2{\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_5\mathrm{OH} \left(\mathrm{g}\right)$

C.  $2\mathrm{C} \left(\mathrm{s}\right)+3{\mathrm{H}}_2 \left(\mathrm{g}\right)+\frac{1}{2}{\mathrm{O}}_2 \left(\mathrm{g}\right)\to {\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_5\mathrm{OH} \left(\mathrm{l}\right)$

D.  $4\mathrm{C} \left(\mathrm{s}\right)+6{\mathrm{H}}_2 \left(\mathrm{g}\right)+{\mathrm{O}}_2 \left(\mathrm{g}\right)\to 2{\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_5\mathrm{OH} \left(\mathrm{l}\right)$

The energy released by the reaction of one mole of hydrogen peroxide with hydroquinone is used to heat 850 cm³ of water initially at 21.8°C. Determine the highest temperature reached by the water.

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ$$kg⁻¹$$K⁻¹.

(If you did not obtain an answer to part (i), use a value of 200.0 kJ for the energy released, although this is not the correct answer.)

Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.

Iron has a relatively small specific heat capacity; the temperature of a 50 g sample rises by 44.4°C when it absorbs 1 kJ of heat energy.

Determine the specific heat capacity of iron, in J g⁻¹K⁻¹. Use section 1 of the data booklet.

Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH, in kJ, for the decomposition of calcium carbonate.

What is the enthalpy of combustion of butane in kJ mol⁻¹?

2C₄H₁₀(g) + 13O₂(g) → 8CO₂(g) + 10H₂O(l)

A.     4x + 5y − z 

B.     4x + 5y + z 

C.     8x + 10y − 2z 

D.     8x + 5y + 2z

Determine the standard enthalpy change, ΔH^Θ, for the following similar reaction, using ΔH_f values in section 12 of the data booklet.

3C₂H₂(g) → C₆H₆(l)

Outline why no value is listed for H₂(g).

Determine the value of ΔH^Θ, in kJ, for the reaction using the values in the table.

Calculate the standard enthalpy change (ΔH^⦵) for the forward reaction in kJ mol⁻¹.

ΔH^⦵_f PCl₃(g) = −306.4 kJ mol⁻¹

ΔH^⦵_f PCl₅(g) = −398.9 kJ mol⁻¹

Which combination of ΔH₁, ΔH₂, and ΔH₃ would give the enthalpy of the reaction?

CS₂(l) + 3O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2SO₂(g)

ΔH₁  C (s) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g)
ΔH₂  S (s) + O₂(g) → SO₂(g)
ΔH₃  C (s) + 2S (s) → CS₂(l)

A.  ΔH = ΔH₁ + ΔH₂ + ΔH₃

B.  ΔH = ΔH₁ + ΔH₂ − ΔH₃

C.  ΔH = ΔH₁ + 2(ΔH₂) + ΔH₃

D.  ΔH = ΔH₁ + 2(ΔH₂) − ΔH₃

Draw and label an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction.

Outline why bond enthalpy values are not valid in calculations such as that in (g)(i).

An allotrope of molecular oxygen is ozone. Compare, giving a reason, the bond enthalpies of the O to O bonds in O₂ and O₃.

The maximum temperature used to calculate the enthalpy of reaction was chosen at a point on the extrapolated (dotted) line.

State the maximum temperature which should be used and outline one assumption made in choosing this temperature on the extrapolated line.

Maximum temperature:

Assumption:

Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ, for this reaction using data from the table and section 12 of the data booklet.

Outline why bond enthalpy values are not valid in calculations such as that in (c)(i).

Which is correct for the reaction?

2Al (s) + 6HCl (aq) → 2AlCl₃ (aq) + 3H₂ (g)         ΔH = −1049 kJ

A. Reactants are less stable than products and the reaction is endothermic.

B. Reactants are more stable than products and the reaction is endothermic.

C. Reactants are more stable than products and the reaction is exothermic.

D. Reactants are less stable than products and the reaction is exothermic.

What is the $\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{H}$ bond enthalpy, in $\mathrm{kJ} {\mathrm{mol}}^{-1}$, in the ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ molecule?

$2{\mathrm{H}}_2\left(\mathrm{g}\right)+{\mathrm{O}}_2\left(\mathrm{g}\right)\to 2{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)$

$∆H_{\mathrm{f}}\left({\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\right)=x \mathrm{kJ} {\mathrm{mol}}^{-1}$

A.  $x-y+4z$

B.  $\frac{1}{2}\left(x-y+4z\right)$

C.  $x-y+2z$

D.  $\frac{1}{2}\left(x-y+2z\right)$

Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction using the following data.

State one reason why you would expect the value of ΔH calculated from the $∆H_f^{\mathrm{⦵}}$ values, given in section 12 of data booklet, to differ from your answer to (d)(i).

Determine the change in enthalpy, ΔH, for the combustion of but-2-ene, using section 11 of the data booklet. 

CH₃CH=CHCH₃(g) + 6O₂ (g) → 4CO₂(g) + 4H₂O (g)

Determine the change in enthalpy, ΔH, for the combustion of but-2-ene, using section 11 of the data booklet. 

CH₃CH=CHCH₃(g) + 6O₂ (g) → 4CO₂(g) + 4H₂O (g)

Hydrogen gas can be formed industrially by the reaction of natural gas with steam.

                                          CH₄(g) + H₂O(g) → 3H₂(g) + CO(g)

Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction, in kJ, using section 11 of the data booklet.

Bond enthalpy for C≡O: 1077 kJ mol⁻¹

Which is correct when Ba(OH)₂ reacts with NH₄Cl?

Ba(OH)₂ (s) + 2NH₄Cl (s) → BaCl₂ (aq) + 2NH₃ (g) + 2H₂O (l)       ΔH^Θ = +164 kJ mol⁻¹

Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the Haber–Bosch process, in kJ. Use Section 11 of the data booklet.

The formula q = mcΔT was used to calculate the energy released. The values used in the calculation were m = 25.00 g, c = 4.18 J g⁻¹ K⁻¹.

State an assumption made when using these values for m and c.

The enthalpy change for the reaction to produce B is −213 kJ. Predict, giving a reason, which product is the most stable.

To determine the enthalpy of reaction the experiment was carried out five times. The same volume and concentration of copper(II) sulfate was used but the mass of zinc was different each time. Suggest, with a reason, if zinc or copper(II) sulfate should be in excess for each trial.

State what point Y on the graph represents.

Copper(II) chloride is used as a catalyst in the production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride.

4HCl (g) + O₂ (g) → 2Cl₂ (g) + 2H₂O (g)

Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔH^θ, in kJ, for this reaction, using section 12 of the data booklet.