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Topic 12: Atomic structure

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Additional higher level (AHL) » Topic 12: Atomic structure

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Directly related questions

16N.1.hl.TZ0.6: A period 3 element, M, forms an oxide of the type M2O. Which represents the first four successive...
16N.2.hl.TZ0.4d:
(i) Explain the convergence of lines in a hydrogen emission spectrum.

(ii) State what can be determined from the frequency of the convergence limit.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.iii:
Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium on the axes provided.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.4c:
The first six ionization energies, in kJ mol^–1, of an element are given below.

Explain the large increase in ionization energy from IE₃ to IE₄.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.iv:
Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.
17M.1.hl.TZ1.5:
Which statement explains one of the decreases in first ionization energy (I.E.) across period 3?

A. The nuclear charge of element Al is greater than element Mg.

B. The electron-electron repulsion is greater, for the electron with the opposite spin, in element S than in element P.

C. A new sub-level is being filled at element S.

D. The p orbital being filled in element Al is at a lower energy than the s orbital in element Mg.
20N.1.hl.TZ0.5: Which element is in group 13?
20N.2.hl.TZ0.6a:
The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.

Determine the frequency of a photon that will cause the first ionization of copper. Use sections 1, 2 and 8 of the data booklet.
17N.1.hl.TZ0.6:
The graph represents the first ten ionisation energies (IE) of an element.

What is the element?

A. O

B. S

C. Ne

D. Cl
21M.1.hl.TZ1.6: The diagram shows the first ionisation energies of consecutive elements in the same period of the...
21M.1.hl.TZ2.5: The first eight successive ionization energies for an element are shown. In which group is the...
21M.2.hl.TZ1.1c: Sketch the first eight successive ionisation energies of sulfur.
21M.2.hl.TZ2.2a(ii):
Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur is lower than that of phosphorus.
18M.1.hl.TZ2.5: The graph shows the first ionization energies of some consecutive elements. Which statement is...
18M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which transition on the diagram corresponds to the ionization of hydrogen in the ground state?
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2e:
Sketch a graph of the first six ionization energies of calcium.
18M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.iii:
Hydrogen spectral data give the frequency of 3.28 × 10¹⁵ s⁻¹ for its convergence limit.

Calculate the ionization energy, in J, for a single atom of hydrogen using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.
21N.1.hl.TZ0.5: Which statement explains why the second ionization energy of aluminium is higher than the first...
21N.2.hl.TZ0.2b:
Sodium emits yellow light with a frequency of 5.09 × 10¹⁴Hz when electrons transition from 3p to 3s orbitals.

Calculate the energy difference, in J, between these two orbitals using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.

Darling, D, n.d. D lines (of sodium). [online] Available at <https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/D_lines.html> [Accessed 6 May 2020].
18N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Sketch a graph to show the relative values of the successive ionization energies of boron.
18N.1.hl.TZ0.5: The values for the first three successive ionization energies for two elements X and Z are...
22M.1.hl.TZ1.5:
The graph shows the first six ionization energies of an element.

^{[Ionization energies of the elements (data page) Available at:}https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_
^{elements_(data_page) Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0 (CC BY-SA}
^{3.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en.]}

In which group is the element?

A. 13

B. 14

C. 15

D. 16
22M.2.hl.TZ1.1e(iv): Suggest, giving a reason, whether magnesium or nitrogen would have the greater sixth ionization...
22M.2.hl.TZ2.5a(ii): Explain why there is a large increase from the 8th to the 9th ionization energy of iron.
19M.2.hl.TZ1.3a:
Plot the relative values of the first four ionization energies of sodium.
19M.2.hl.TZ2.3c:
Explain why the first ionization energy of nitrogen is greater than both carbon and oxygen.

Nitrogen and carbon:

Nitrogen and oxygen:
19M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which element is represented by the first eight successive ionization energies on the...
19M.1.hl.TZ2.5:
Which of the following transitions in the hydrogen atom emits the least energy?

A. n = 2 to n = 1

B. n = 3 to n = 1

C. n = 4 to n = 2

D. n = 4 to n = 3
19N.2.hl.TZ0.1e(ii):
Determine, showing your working, the wavelength, in m, of ultraviolet light absorbed by a single molecule in one of these steps. Use sections 1, 2 and 11 of the data booklet.
19N.1.hl.TZ0.5: Which shows the first ionization energies of successive elements across period 2, from left to...

Sub sections and their related questions

12.1 Electrons in atoms

16N.1.hl.TZ0.6: A period 3 element, M, forms an oxide of the type M2O. Which represents the first four successive...
16N.2.hl.TZ0.4d:
(i) Explain the convergence of lines in a hydrogen emission spectrum.

(ii) State what can be determined from the frequency of the convergence limit.
17M.1.hl.TZ1.5:
Which statement explains one of the decreases in first ionization energy (I.E.) across period 3?

A. The nuclear charge of element Al is greater than element Mg.

B. The electron-electron repulsion is greater, for the electron with the opposite spin, in element S than in element P.

C. A new sub-level is being filled at element S.

D. The p orbital being filled in element Al is at a lower energy than the s orbital in element Mg.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.iii:
Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium on the axes provided.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.4c:
The first six ionization energies, in kJ mol^–1, of an element are given below.

Explain the large increase in ionization energy from IE₃ to IE₄.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.iv:
Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.
17N.1.hl.TZ0.6:
The graph represents the first ten ionisation energies (IE) of an element.

What is the element?

A. O

B. S

C. Ne

D. Cl
18M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which transition on the diagram corresponds to the ionization of hydrogen in the ground state?
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2e:
Sketch a graph of the first six ionization energies of calcium.
18M.1.hl.TZ2.5: The graph shows the first ionization energies of some consecutive elements. Which statement is...
18M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.iii:
Hydrogen spectral data give the frequency of 3.28 × 10¹⁵ s⁻¹ for its convergence limit.

Calculate the ionization energy, in J, for a single atom of hydrogen using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.
18N.1.hl.TZ0.5: The values for the first three successive ionization energies for two elements X and Z are...
18N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Sketch a graph to show the relative values of the successive ionization energies of boron.
19M.2.hl.TZ1.3a:
Plot the relative values of the first four ionization energies of sodium.
19M.2.hl.TZ2.3c:
Explain why the first ionization energy of nitrogen is greater than both carbon and oxygen.

Nitrogen and carbon:

Nitrogen and oxygen:
19M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which element is represented by the first eight successive ionization energies on the...
19M.1.hl.TZ2.5:
Which of the following transitions in the hydrogen atom emits the least energy?

A. n = 2 to n = 1

B. n = 3 to n = 1

C. n = 4 to n = 2

D. n = 4 to n = 3
19N.2.hl.TZ0.1e(ii):
Determine, showing your working, the wavelength, in m, of ultraviolet light absorbed by a single molecule in one of these steps. Use sections 1, 2 and 11 of the data booklet.
19N.1.hl.TZ0.5: Which shows the first ionization energies of successive elements across period 2, from left to...
20N.1.hl.TZ0.5: Which element is in group 13?
20N.2.hl.TZ0.6a:
The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.

Determine the frequency of a photon that will cause the first ionization of copper. Use sections 1, 2 and 8 of the data booklet.
21M.1.hl.TZ1.6: The diagram shows the first ionisation energies of consecutive elements in the same period of the...
21M.1.hl.TZ2.5: The first eight successive ionization energies for an element are shown. In which group is the...
21M.2.hl.TZ1.1c: Sketch the first eight successive ionisation energies of sulfur.
21M.2.hl.TZ2.2a(ii):
Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur is lower than that of phosphorus.
21N.1.hl.TZ0.5: Which statement explains why the second ionization energy of aluminium is higher than the first...
21N.2.hl.TZ0.2b:
Sodium emits yellow light with a frequency of 5.09 × 10¹⁴Hz when electrons transition from 3p to 3s orbitals.

Calculate the energy difference, in J, between these two orbitals using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.

Darling, D, n.d. D lines (of sodium). [online] Available at <https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/D_lines.html> [Accessed 6 May 2020].
22M.1.hl.TZ1.5:
The graph shows the first six ionization energies of an element.

^{[Ionization energies of the elements (data page) Available at:}https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_
^{elements_(data_page) Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0 (CC BY-SA}
^{3.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en.]}

In which group is the element?

A. 13

B. 14

C. 15

D. 16
22M.2.hl.TZ1.1e(iv): Suggest, giving a reason, whether magnesium or nitrogen would have the greater sixth ionization...
22M.2.hl.TZ2.5a(ii): Explain why there is a large increase from the 8th to the 9th ionization energy of iron.