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Date	November 2020	Marks available	2	Reference code	20N.2.hl.TZ0.6
Level	HL	Paper	2	Time zone	TZ0
Command term	Determine	Question number	6	Adapted from	N/A

Question

The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.

Determine the frequency of a photon that will cause the first ionization of copper. Use sections 1, 2 and 8 of the data booklet.

[2]

The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.

Explain why a copper(II) solution is blue, using section 17 of the data booklet.

[3]

The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.

Copper plating can be used to improve the conductivity of an object.

State, giving your reason, at which electrode the object being electroplated should be placed.

[1]

Markscheme

$« E = \frac{745 000 J {mol}^{- 1}}{6.02 \times 10^{23} {mol}^{- 1}} = » 1.24 \times 10^{- 18} J$ ✔

$« E = h ν »$
$« 1.24 \times 10^{- 18} J = 6.63 \times 10^{- 34} J s \times ν »$
$ν = 1.87 \times 10^{15} « s^{- 1} / Hz »$ ✔

Award [2] for correct final answer.
Award [1] for 1.12 × 10³⁹ «Hz».

orange light is absorbed «and the complementary colour is observed» ✔

Any TWO from:
partially filled d-orbitals ✔
«ligands/water cause» d-orbitals «to» split ✔
light is absorbed as electrons move to a higher energy orbital «in d–d transitions»
OR
light is absorbed as electrons are promoted ✔
energy gap corresponds to «orange» light in the visible region of the spectrum ✔

cathode/negative «electrode» AND ${Cu}^{2 +}$ reduced «at that electrode» ✔

Accept cathode/negative «electrode» AND copper forms «at that electrode».

Examiners report

Determining the frequency of a photon that will cause the first ionization of copper was the most challenging question on the exam. Many could not do it all, although some came up with the answer that came from using the result that would arise from the ionization energy in J/mole (and frequently kJ/mole) rather than J/atom.

Many students were able to fully explain why solutions containing Cu²⁺ appear blue, however the misconception between absorption and emission spectra is still quite evident.

Surprisingly not that well answered. Most students identified the cathode as the electrode where electroplating occurs but few could adequately justify why.

Syllabus sections

Additional higher level (AHL) » Topic 12: Atomic structure » 12.1 Electrons in atoms

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Which statement explains one of the decreases in first ionization energy (I.E.) across period 3?

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C. A new sub-level is being filled at element S.

D. The p orbital being filled in element Al is at a lower energy than the s orbital in element Mg.
22M.1.hl.TZ1.5:
The graph shows the first six ionization energies of an element.

^{[Ionization energies of the elements (data page) Available at:}https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_
^{elements_(data_page) Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0 (CC BY-SA}
^{3.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en.]}

In which group is the element?

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18M.1.hl.TZ2.5: The graph shows the first ionization energies of some consecutive elements. Which...
18M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which transition on the diagram corresponds to the ionization of hydrogen in the ground state?
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2e:
Sketch a graph of the first six ionization energies of calcium.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.iv:
Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.
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18N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Sketch a graph to show the relative values of the successive ionization energies of boron.
19M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which element is represented by the first eight successive ionization energies on the...
19M.1.hl.TZ2.5:
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17N.1.hl.TZ0.6:
The graph represents the first ten ionisation energies (IE) of an element.

What is the element?

A. O

B. S

C. Ne

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18M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.iii:
Hydrogen spectral data give the frequency of 3.28 × 10¹⁵ s⁻¹ for its convergence limit.

Calculate the ionization energy, in J, for a single atom of hydrogen using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.
16N.2.hl.TZ0.4d:
(i) Explain the convergence of lines in a hydrogen emission spectrum.

(ii) State what can be determined from the frequency of the convergence limit.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.4c:
The first six ionization energies, in kJ mol^–1, of an element are given below.

Explain the large increase in ionization energy from IE₃ to IE₄.
19M.2.hl.TZ1.3a:
Plot the relative values of the first four ionization energies of sodium.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.iii:
Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium on the axes provided.
19N.2.hl.TZ0.1e(ii):
Determine, showing your working, the wavelength, in m, of ultraviolet light absorbed by a single molecule in one of these steps. Use sections 1, 2 and 11 of the data booklet.
19N.1.hl.TZ0.5: Which shows the first ionization energies of successive elements across period 2, from left...
21M.1.hl.TZ1.6: The diagram shows the first ionisation energies of consecutive elements in the same period of...
21M.2.hl.TZ1.1c: Sketch the first eight successive ionisation energies of sulfur.
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19M.2.hl.TZ2.3c:
Explain why the first ionization energy of nitrogen is greater than both carbon and oxygen.

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21N.2.hl.TZ0.2b:
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Calculate the energy difference, in J, between these two orbitals using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.

Darling, D, n.d. D lines (of sodium). [online] Available at <https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/D_lines.html> [Accessed 6 May 2020].
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Additional higher level (AHL) » Topic 12: Atomic structure

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