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Date	November 2020	Marks available	3	Reference code	20N.2.sl.TZ0.4
Level	SL	Paper	2	Time zone	TZ0
Command term	Discuss	Question number	4	Adapted from	N/A

Question

Nickel catalyses the conversion of propanone to propan-2-ol.

Outline how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction.

[1]

Explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate of reaction.

[2]

Discuss, referring to intermolecular forces present, the relative volatility of propanone and propan-2-ol.

[3]

The diagram shows an unlabelled voltaic cell for the reaction

${Pb}^{2 +} (aq) + Ni (s) \to {Ni}^{2 +} (aq) + Pb (s)$

Label the diagram with the species in the equation.

[1]

d(i).

Suggest a metal that could replace nickel in a new half-cell and reverse the electron flow. Use section 25 of the data booklet.

[1]

d(ii).

Describe the bonding in metals.

[2]

d(iii).

Nickel alloys are used in aircraft gas turbines. Suggest a physical property altered by the addition of another metal to nickel.

[1]

d(iv).

Markscheme

provides an alternative pathway/mechanism AND lower $E_{a}$ ✔

Accept description of how catalyst lowers $E_{a}$ (e.g. “reactants adsorb on surface «of catalyst»”, “reactant bonds weaken «when adsorbed»”).

more/greater proportion of molecules with $E \geq E_{a}$ ✔

greater frequency/probability/chance of collisions «between the molecules»
OR
more collision per unit of time/second ✔

hydrogen bonding/bonds «and dipole–dipole and London/dispersion forces are present in» propan-2-ol ✔

dipole–dipole «and London/dispersion are present in» propanone ✔

propan-2-ol less volatile AND hydrogen bonding/bonds stronger «than dipole–dipole »
OR
propan-2-ol less volatile AND «sum of all» intermolecular forces stronger ✔

d(i).

$Bi / Cu / Ag / Pd / Hg / Pt / Au$ ✔

Accept $S b$ OR $A s$ .

d(ii).

electrostatic attraction ✔

between «a lattice of» metal/positive ions/cations AND «a sea of» delocalized electrons ✔

Accept “mobile/free electrons”.

d(iii).

Any of:

malleability/hardness
OR
«tensile» strength/ductility
OR
density
OR
thermal/electrical conductivity
OR
melting point
OR
thermal expansion ✔

Do not accept corrosion/reactivity or any chemical property.

Accept other specific physical properties.

d(iv).

Examiners report

A straight-forward question, however, half of the candidates only mentioned the lower activation energy and did not mention that this is through an alternative mechanism, so did not score the mark.

Half of the candidates gained the mark about the increased frequency of collision. Fewer candidates also clarified that a larger proportion of molecules have the activation energy.

Most candidates had the correct structure in their answers identifying the type of intermolecular forces in each compound and then comparing the strength of the two and reaching a conclusion. Some candidates did not know what was meant by volatile. Some candidates stated London dispersion forces in propanone instead of dipole-dipole.

60% of the candidates obtained the mark. Some candidates labelled the electrodes as ions indicating they do not understand the structure of a voltaic cell.

d(i).

70% of the candidates answered correctly. The common mistake was to select a more reactive metal instead.

d(ii).

The mean mark on the question was 1.0 out of 2 marks. Mistakes included not mentioning the 'electrostatic attraction' and talking about 'nuclei attracting the delocalised electrons'. The weakest candidates discussed aspects of ionic and/or covalent bonding.

d(iii).

80% obtained the mark. Many candidates wrote more than one property, which should be discouraged. Incorrect answers included chemical properties such as reactivity.

d(iv).

Syllabus sections

Core » Topic 10: Organic chemistry » 10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry

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16N.3.sl.TZ0.9b:
The structures of two molecules, X and Y, are shown below.

(i) Justify why both these molecules are carbohydrates.

(ii) Distinguish between these molecules in terms of their functional groups.
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17M.3.sl.TZ2.10a:
Identify the functional groups which are present in only one structure of glucose.
18M.1.hl.TZ1.34: Which is a secondary alcohol?
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17M.2.sl.TZ1.5d:
Chloroethene, C₂H₃Cl, can undergo polymerization. Draw a section of the polymer with three repeating units.
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16N.1.sl.TZ0.23: The structure of a drug used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease is shown below. Which...
17M.2.hl.TZ2.6b:
The overall equation for monochlorination of methane is:

CH₄(g) + Cl₂(g) → CH₃Cl(g) + HCl(g)

Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, ΔH ^θ, using section 12 of the data booklet.
19N.3.hl.TZ0.10a:
Draw the structure of the dipeptide Asp–Phe using section 33 of the data booklet.
19N.3.hl.TZ0.15c: Explain why maltose, C12H22O11, is soluble in water.
19N.3.hl.TZ0.14c: Vitamins are organic compounds essential in small amounts. State the name of one functional...
18M.2.hl.TZ2.9a.i:
Deduce the structural formulas of the two possible isomers.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.10b.ii:
Explain why the difference in their structures affects their melting points.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iii:
Deduce the name of the class of compound formed when the product of (c)(i) reacts with butanoic acid.
18M.1.sl.TZ2.27: Which are structural isomers? I. CH3CH2OH and CH3OCH3 II. HOCH2CH3...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.25: What is the name of this compound, using IUPAC rules? A. 1,1-dimethylpropanoic...
22M.2.hl.TZ2.8b: State two features showing that propane and butane are members of the same homologous series.
18N.1.sl.TZ0.26: Which is correct for benzene? A. It readily undergoes addition reactions and...
18N.2.hl.TZ0.2d:
The compound could not be oxidized using acidifi ed potassium dichromate(VI).

Deduce the structural formula of the compound.
18N.2.sl.TZ0.2c: Classify propan-2-ol as a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol, giving a reason.
18N.2.sl.TZ0.2a:
Draw the structural formula of propan-2-ol.
18N.2.hl.TZ0.8b.i:
Draw two structural isomers of methyloxirane.
17M.1.sl.TZ1.26: What is the name of the compound with this molecular structure applying IUPAC rules? A. ...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.24:
Which alcohols are oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution when heated?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
19N.3.sl.TZ0.10c: Explain why maltose, C12H22O11, is soluble in water.
19N.3.sl.TZ0.10a: State the name of one functional group common to all three vitamins shown in section 35 of...
19N.2.sl.TZ0.3d(ii):
Explain why the compound C₂H₆O, produced in (b), has a higher boiling point than compound C₂H₄O, produced in d(i).
19M.1.hl.TZ1.32: What is the IUPAC name of the following molecule? A. 2-bromo-3-ethylbutane B....
19M.1.hl.TZ2.34: What is the name of this compound using IUPAC rules? A. 2,3-diethylbutane B....
17M.1.hl.TZ2.37:
In which order should the reagents be used to convert benzene into phenylamine (aniline)?
19M.2.hl.TZ1.2c:
Outline one piece of physical evidence for the structure of the benzene ring.
19M.2.sl.TZ1.1b:
Draw the structure of one other isomer of xylene which retains the benzene ring.
19M.3.sl.TZ1.5a:
State the name of the functional group which allows the molecule to be responsive to applied electric fields.
19M.1.sl.TZ1.24: Which functional group is surrounded in the molecule? A. hydroxyl B. carboxyl C....
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17N.1.hl.TZ0.38: Which functional group is responsible for the pKb of 4.1 in this compound? A. Amido B....
16N.3.sl.TZ0.20a:
Compare and contrast the functional groups present in methadone and diamorphine (heroin), giving their names. Use section 37 of the data booklet.
19M.1.sl.TZ2.24:
Which compound has the lowest boiling point?

A. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

B. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

C. CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃

D. CH₃C(CH₃)₂CH₃
19M.1.hl.TZ2.32:
Which compound has the lowest boiling point?

A. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

B. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

C. CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃

D. CH₃C(CH₃)₂CH₃
22M.1.sl.TZ1.25: Which compounds are members of the same homologous series? A. propanal, propanone,...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Which functional group is present in paracetamol? A. Carboxyl B. Amino C. ...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.35: What is the major product of the reaction between 2-methylbut-2-ene and hydrogen bromide? A....
17M.3.sl.TZ1.15b:
Deduce the formula of the biodiesel formed when the vegetable oil shown is reacted with the reagents in (a).
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i:
State the reagents and the name of the mechanism for the nitration of benzene.
17M.1.sl.TZ2.27:
Which compound contains a secondary carbon atom?

A. CH₃CH(Cl)CH(CH₃)₂

B. (CH₃)₂CHCH₂Cl

C. (CH₃)₃CCl

D. CH₃CH₂Cl
16N.3.sl.TZ0.10a: State the IUPAC name for leucine.
17M.1.sl.TZ1.27:
Which molecule has a tertiary nitrogen?

A. (CH₃)₂NH

B. (C₂H₅)₄N⁺I⁻

C. C₃H₇N(CH₃)₂

D. C₆H₅NH₂
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.iii:
Suggest the structural formula of this compound.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.7c:
State the reagents used to convert benzene to nitrobenzene and the formula of the electrophile formed.
19N.3.sl.TZ0.7a:
Draw the structure of the dipeptide Asp–Phe using section 33 of the data booklet.
19N.3.sl.TZ0.9d(i): State one similarity and one difference in composition between phospholipids and...
19N.3.hl.TZ0.12c: State one similarity and one difference in composition between phospholipids and...
19N.2.hl.TZ0.3d(iii):
Explain why the ¹H NMR spectrum of C₃H₆O, produced in (d)(i), shows only one signal.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.i:
Hydrogenation of propene produces propane. Calculate the standard entropy change, ΔS^θ, for the hydrogenation of propene.
19N.2.hl.TZ0.3a(ii): State the IUPAC name of the major product.
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19N.3.sl.TZ0.12b(i): Reforming reactions are used to increase the octane number of a hydrocarbon fuel. Suggest...
19N.3.sl.TZ0.12b(ii): The 1H NMR spectrum of one of the products has four signals. The integration trace shows a...
19N.3.hl.TZ0.24a:
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is used to identify functional groups in organic compounds.

Deduce the wavenumber, in cm⁻¹, of an absorption peak found in the IR spectrum of testosterone but not in that of cholesterol.
17M.3.hl.TZ2.3c.iii:
Subsequent steps proceed under differing conditions, forming the dendrimer polymer with the following repeating unit.

State the name of one functional group in this repeating unit.
19N.2.hl.TZ0.3d(ii):
Explain why the compound C₃H₈O, produced in (a)(iv), has a higher boiling point than compound C₃H₆O, produced in d(i).
17M.2.sl.TZ1.6b:
State the typical reactions that benzene and cyclohexene undergo with bromine.
17M.1.sl.TZ1.25:
What are the functional groups in the aspirin molecule?

$\begin{gathered} \begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{I.}}}&{{\text{Ether}}} \\ {{\text{II.}}}&{{\text{Carboxyl}}} \\ {{\text{III.}}}&{{\text{Ester}}} \end{array} \hfill \\ \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
17M.2.sl.TZ1.6a:
Discuss the physical evidence for the structure of benzene.
21M.1.sl.TZ2.25: What is the IUPAC name of the molecule shown? A. 2,4-dimethylhexane B. ...
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.i:
Bromine was added to hexane, hex-1-ene and benzene. Identify the compound(s) which will react with bromine in a well-lit laboratory.
18N.1.sl.TZ0.25:
What is the order of increasing boiling point for the isomers of C₅H₁₂?

A. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ < CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃ < CH₃C(CH₃)₃

B. CH₃C(CH₃)₃ < CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃ < CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

C. CH₃C(CH₃)₃ < CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ < CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃

D. CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃ < CH₃C(CH₃)₃ < CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃
19M.2.sl.TZ2.1c(ii):
State the name of product B, applying IUPAC rules.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3d:
One possible Lewis structure for benzene is shown.

State one piece of physical evidence that this structure is incorrect.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5a:
Ethane, C₂H₆, reacts with chlorine in sunlight. State the type of this reaction and the name of the mechanism by which it occurs.
20N.1.hl.TZ0.40:
Which compound with the molecular formula $C_{4} H_{8} O$ has this high resolution ${}_{1}H NMR$ ?

From: libretexts.org. Courtesy of Chris Schaller, Professor (Chemistry)
at College of Saint Benedict/Saint John’s University.

A. but-3-en-2-ol, ${CH}_{2} = CHCH (OH) {CH}_{3}$

B. butanal, ${CH}_{3} {CH}_{2} {CH}_{2} CHO$

C. butanone, ${CH}_{3} {COCH}_{2} {CH}_{3}$

D. but-3-en-1-ol, ${CH}_{2} = {CHCH}_{2} {CH}_{2} OH$
17M.2.sl.TZ2.6b:
Bromine was added to hexane, hex-1-ene and benzene. Identify the compound(s) which will react with bromine in a well-lit laboratory.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.10b.i:
Describe the difference in their structures.
19N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which compound is not in the same homologous series as the others? A. C5H12 B. C6H12 C. ...
21N.1.sl.TZ0.26: Which pair of compounds are structural isomers? A. Propane and propene B. Propanal and...
21N.1.sl.TZ0.27: What is the general formula of alkynes? A. CnH2n+2 B. CnH2n C. CnH2n−2 D. CnHn
18M.3.sl.TZ2.2a:
Describe two differences, other than the number of atoms, between the models of ethane and ethene constructed from the kit shown.
19N.3.sl.TZ0.15a: State the names of two functional groups present in all three molecules, using section 37 of...
19N.3.sl.TZ0.9b: State one impact on health of the increase in LDL cholesterol concentration in blood.
20N.2.hl.TZ0.2e:
Compound A and B are isomers. Draw two other structural isomers with the formula $C_{3} H_{6} O$ .
20N.1.sl.TZ0.24: Which functional groups are present in this molecule? A. carbonyl, ether, nitrile B. ...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.2b.i:
The above ball and stick model is a substituted pyridine molecule (made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, bromine and chlorine atoms). All atoms are shown and represented according to their relative atomic size.

Label each ball in the diagram, excluding hydrogens, as a carbon, C, nitrogen, N, bromine, Br, or chlorine, Cl.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.v:
Identify one organic functional group that can react with acidified K₂Cr₂O₇(aq).
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.ii:
Identify the functional group that shows stretching at 1710 cm^–1 in the infrared spectrum of this compound using section 26 of the data booklet and the ¹H NMR.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.i:
One possible product, X, of the reaction of ethane with chlorine has the following composition by mass:

carbon: 24.27%, hydrogen: 4.08%, chlorine: 71.65%

Determine the empirical formula of the product.
20N.3.sl.TZ0.9b: State a class of organic compounds found in gasoline.
19N.3.hl.TZ0.24b:
Describe a technique for the detection of steroids in blood and urine.
20N.1.sl.TZ0.26: What is the IUPAC name of this molecule? A. 1,1,2,4-tetramethylpent-1-ene B. ...
22M.2.sl.TZ1.3c(i):
State the name of Compound A, applying International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) rules.
17M.3.hl.TZ2.20a.iii:
Suggest two absorbances, other than the absorbances due to the ring structure and C–H bonds, that would be present in the infrared (IR) spectrum of aspirin.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.i:
One possible product, X, of the reaction of ethane with chlorine has the following composition by mass:

carbon: 24.27%, hydrogen: 4.08%, chlorine: 71.65%

Determine the empirical formula of the product.
20N.2.sl.TZ0.1d(v):
Ethoxyethane (diethyl ether) can be used as a solvent for this conversion. Draw the structural formula of ethoxyethane
19N.3.hl.TZ0.24c:
Explain how redox chemistry is used to measure the ethanol concentration in a breathalyser.
21M.1.sl.TZ1.25: What is the name of this compound, applying IUPAC rules? A. 4-methylhex-2-ene B. ...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.2b.iii:
Pyridine, like benzene, is an aromatic compound.

Outline what is meant by an aromatic compound.
20N.3.hl.TZ0.11b: State a class of organic compounds found in gasoline.
20N.3.hl.TZ0.11e(iii):
Suggest a wavenumber absorbed by methane gas.
21M.2.hl.TZ1.5a(ii): State the molecular formula of the next member of the homologous series to which ethene belongs.
21M.2.hl.TZ1.5a(i): State the class of compound to which ethene belongs.
21M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Which is in the same homologous series as CH3OCH3? A. CH3COCH3 B. CH3COOCH3 C. ...
21M.1.sl.TZ2.28:
Which spectra would show the difference between propan-2-ol, CH₃CH(OH)CH₃, and propanal, CH₃CH₂CHO?

I. mass
II. infrared
III. ¹H NMR

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7a:
The Kekulé structure of benzene suggests it should readily undergo addition reactions.

Discuss two pieces of evidence, one physical and one chemical, which suggest this is not the structure of benzene.
21M.2.sl.TZ1.5a(i): State the class of compound to which ethene belongs.
21M.2.sl.TZ1.5a(ii): State the molecular formula of the next member of the homologous series to which ethene belongs.
21M.2.sl.TZ2.4c:
Write the equation and name the organic product when ethanol reacts with methanoic acid.
20N.2.sl.TZ0.2c:
Compound A and B are isomers. Draw two other structural isomers with the formula $C_{3} H_{6} O$ .
17M.2.sl.TZ2.6a:
Using relevant equations, show the initiation and the propagation steps for this reaction.
20N.2.hl.TZ0.1d(iv):
Ethoxyethane (diethyl ether) can be used as a solvent for this conversion.
Draw the structural formula of ethoxyethane
20N.2.hl.TZ0.2d:
The IR spectrum of one of the compounds is shown:

COBLENTZ SOCIETY. Collection © 2018 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.

Deduce, giving a reason, the compound producing this spectrum.
19M.2.hl.TZ1.1b:
Draw the structure of one other isomer of xylene which retains the benzene ring.
20N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Discuss, referring to intermolecular forces present, the relative volatility of propanone and...
20N.2.sl.TZ0.2b:
The IR spectrum of one of the compounds is shown:

COBLENTZ SOCIETY. Collection © 2018 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.

Deduce, giving a reason, the compound producing this spectrum.
20N.3.sl.TZ0.9f(iii):
Suggest a wavenumber absorbed by methane gas.
20N.3.sl.TZ0.14a(i): Name two functional groups that both zanamivir and oseltamivir contain.
22M.2.hl.TZ2.8d(iv):
Suggest two differences in the ¹H NMR of but-2-ene and the organic product from (d)(ii).
22M.2.hl.TZ2.8e(ii):
Deduce the splitting pattern in the ¹H NMR spectrum for 1-bromopropane.
19M.2.hl.TZ2.1c(ii):
Determine the enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ, to produce A using section 11 of the data booklet.
22M.2.sl.TZ2.4b: State two features showing that propane and butane are members of the same homologous series.
22M.2.sl.TZ2.4d(i): Draw the full structural formula of but-2-ene.
22M.2.sl.TZ2.4d(iv):
Suggest two differences in the ¹H NMR of but-2-ene and the organic product from (d)(ii).
17M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.ii:
The mass and ¹H NMR spectra of product X are shown below. Deduce, giving your reasons, its structural formula and hence the name of the compound.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3c:
One possible Lewis structure for benzene is shown.

State one piece of physical evidence that this structure is incorrect.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.ii:
The mass and ¹H $\,$ NMR spectra of product X are shown below. Deduce, giving your reasons, its structural formula and hence the name of the compound.
21M.1.sl.TZ1.24: Which series is in order of increasing boiling point? A. CH2CH2CH3OH CH3COCH3 ...
22M.1.sl.TZ2.26:
Which is a homologous series?

A. C₂H₄, C₃H₅, C₄H₆

B. C₂H₂, C₃H₄, C₄H₆

C. C₂H₂, C₂H₄, C₂H₆

D. C₂H₂, C₄H₄, C₆H₆
21N.1.sl.TZ0.25: What is the name of this substance using IUPAC rules? A. 2-ethyl-1-methylbutan-1-ol B. ...

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Core » Topic 4: Chemical bonding and structure » 4.4 Intermolecular forces

Core » Topic 4: Chemical bonding and structure

Core » Topic 10: Organic chemistry

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