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Syllabus

B.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

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Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics » Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics (Core topics) » B.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

Description

Nature of science:
Assessing risks and benefits associated with scientific research—scientists need to evaluate the potential of herbicide resistance genes escaping into the wild population. (4.8)

Understandings:

Transgenic organisms produce proteins that were not previously part of their species’ proteome.
Genetic modification can be used to overcome environmental resistance to increase crop yields.
Genetically modified crop plants can be used to produce novel products.
Bioinformatics plays a role in identifying target genes.
The target gene is linked to other sequences that control its expression.
An open reading frame is a significant length of DNA from a start codon to a stop codon.
Marker genes are used to indicate successful uptake.
Recombinant DNA must be inserted into the plant cell and taken up by its chromosome or chloroplast DNA.
Recombinant DNA can be introduced into whole plants, leaf discs or protoplasts.
Recombinant DNA can be introduced by direct physical and chemical methods or indirectly by vectors.

Applications and skills:

Application: Use of tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to introduce glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
Application: Genetic modification of tobacco mosaic virus to allow bulk production of Hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
Application: Production of Amflora potato (Solanum tuberosum) for paper and adhesive industries.
Skill: Evaluation of data on the environmental impact of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans.
Skill: Identification of an open reading frame (ORF).

Guidance:

A significant length of DNA for an open reading frame contains sufficient nucleotides to code for a polypeptide chain.
Limit the chemical methods of introducing genes into plants to calcium chloride and liposomes.
Limit the physical methods of introducing genes into plants to electroporation, microinjection and biolistics (gunshot).
Limit vectors to Agrobacterium tumefaciens and tobacco mosaic virus.

Utilization:
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Biology
Topic 1.5 The origin of cells
Topic 3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology
Environmental systems and societies
Topic 5.2 Terrestrial food production systems

Aims:

Aim 7: Use of bioinformatics to determine sequences to be modified.
Aim 8: There are ethical and political implications in the introduction of the genetically modified potato Amflora in Europe.

Directly related questions

16N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Suggest whether the results of this experiment show that these transgenic tomato plants are more...
16N.3.SL.TZ0.9b:
Marker genes are often inserted together with the new gene. State the function of the marker genes.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: State how the sequence of the target gene from the fungus could be identified using a...
16N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Outline the use of kanamycin in the selection of transgenic cotyledons.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Outline the characteristics of an open reading frame.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.9d:
Explain, using an example, how gene transfer to a plant could help increase crop yield.
17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
17M.3.SL.TZ2.10a: Discuss the hypothesis that the temperature at which starches form a gel depends on the degree of...
17M.3.SL.TZ2.11b: Outline the bioinformatics method used to identify the target gene in the plant.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: State one other physical method used to introduce DNA into plants.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.10b: State one advantage of potatoes with a high amylopectin content.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.10c:
The Amflora potato was approved for industrial applications in the European Union (EU) in 2010 and was withdrawn in January 2012 due to opposition. Discuss reasons for people supporting or opposing the introduction of the Amflora potato in the EU.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.12: Discuss the environmental risks of the cultivation of genetically modified crops.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Calculate the diversity of site C. Working should be shown.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.11a: Using this information, outline the reason for Golden rice being considered a transgenic organism.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.11: Outline one example of the use of a marker gene in genetic engineering.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.13b: State the type of codon that helps to identify open reading frames.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.9a: Outline how open reading frames are identified in DNA.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.9c: There are several methods of introducing DNA into a cell in the laboratory. Outline the...
17M.3.HL.TZ2.13a: The following base sequence represents part of a larger DNA molecule that is going to be analysed...
17M.3.HL.TZ2.13c: Once an open reading frame is identified, explain the steps researchers would follow to determine...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.10: Explain how plants can be genetically modified using the Ti plasmid so that they contain the gene...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.10:
The diagram shows a spherical array of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet. Such structures can be used to introduce genes into plant protoplasts.

[Source: SuperManu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome#/media/File:Liposome_scheme-en.svg]

Explain briefly how plant protoplasts are prepared and how vesicles can be used to introduce genes into them.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.

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DP Biology Questionbank

B.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

Description

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