| Date | May 2019 | Marks available | 3 | Reference code | 19M.3.HL.TZ1.10 |
| Level | Higher level | Paper | Paper 3 | Time zone | Time zone 1 |
| Command term | Explain | Question number | 10 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
The diagram shows a spherical array of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet. Such structures can be used to introduce genes into plant protoplasts.
[Source: SuperManu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome#/media/File:Liposome_scheme-en.svg]
Explain briefly how plant protoplasts are prepared and how vesicles can be used to introduce genes into them.
Markscheme
a. enzymatically remove wall from plant cell to make protoplast ✔
b. use liposome ✔
c. get genes of choice into the vesicle/liposome ✔
d. get protoplast to fuse with the vesicle/liposome ✔
Examiners report
This question was not answered well by most candidates. Students struggled to explain concepts like how protoplasts are made, or the role of vesicles/liposomes.
Syllabus sections
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20N.3.HL.TZ0.13b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
- 17M.3.HL.TZ2.13c: Once an open reading frame is identified, explain the steps researchers would follow to...
- 18N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
- 17M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Calculate the diversity of site C. Working should be shown.
- 17M.3.SL.TZ2.10b: State one advantage of potatoes with a high amylopectin content.
- 17N.3.HL.TZ0.09b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic...
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19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
- 18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
- 17M.3.HL.TZ2.13a: The following base sequence represents part of a larger DNA molecule that is going to be...
- 18M.3.HL.TZ2.12d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
- 17M.3.HL.TZ1.9c: There are several methods of introducing DNA into a cell in the laboratory. Outline the...
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18M.3.SL.TZ1.9c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
- 17M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: State one other physical method used to introduce DNA into plants.
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16N.3.SL.TZ0.9d:
Explain, using an example, how gene transfer to a plant could help increase crop yield.
- 19N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
- 18N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
- 17N.3.SL.TZ0.09a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
- 19N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open...
- 16N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Outline the use of kanamycin in the selection of transgenic cotyledons.
- 17N.3.SL.TZ0.09c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
- 19N.3.HL.TZ0.9d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
- 18N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how...
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19M.3.SL.TZ2.9c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
- 16N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: State how the sequence of the target gene from the fungus could be identified using a...
- 18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
- 19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
- 19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
- 20N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998...
- 18N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
- 18N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
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19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
- 17M.3.SL.TZ2.11b: Outline the bioinformatics method used to identify the target gene in the plant.
- 18M.3.SL.TZ2.10: Explain how plants can be genetically modified using the Ti plasmid so that they contain the...
- 16N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Suggest whether the results of this experiment show that these transgenic tomato plants are...
- 17M.3.HL.TZ2.13b: State the type of codon that helps to identify open reading frames.
- 19N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
- 19N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result...
- 19N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
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18M.3.SL.TZ1.9b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
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20N.3.HL.TZ0.13a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
- 18N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
- 20N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact...
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17N.3.HL.TZ0.09c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
- 16N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Outline the characteristics of an open reading frame.
- 19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
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16N.3.SL.TZ0.9b:
Marker genes are often inserted together with the new gene. State the function of the marker genes.
- 19N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
- 18N.3.HL.TZ0.11a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has...
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19M.3.HL.TZ2.11a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
- 19N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
- 19N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
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19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
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17N.3.SL.TZ0.09b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
- 20N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the function of a marker gene.
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18M.3.HL.TZ1.10b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
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19M.3.SL.TZ2.9a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
- 17M.3.SL.TZ2.10a: Discuss the hypothesis that the temperature at which starches form a gel depends on the...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.3.HL.TZ2.11: Outline one example of the use of a marker gene in genetic engineering.
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20N.3.HL.TZ0.13d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
- 18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to...
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20N.3.SL.TZ0.10c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
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20N.3.HL.TZ0.13c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
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18M.3.SL.TZ1.9a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.
State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
- 18M.3.HL.TZ2.12c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
- 19M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
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18M.3.HL.TZ1.10a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
- 18N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on...
- 18N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
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20N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
- 19M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
- 17M.3.HL.TZ1.9a: Outline how open reading frames are identified in DNA.
- 17M.3.SL.TZ2.11a: Using this information, outline the reason for Golden rice being considered a transgenic...
- 17M.3.SL.TZ1.12: Discuss the environmental risks of the cultivation of genetically modified crops.
- 19N.3.HL.TZ0.9c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
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17M.3.SL.TZ2.10c:
The Amflora potato was approved for industrial applications in the European Union (EU) in 2010 and was withdrawn in January 2012 due to opposition. Discuss reasons for people supporting or opposing the introduction of the Amflora potato in the EU.
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17N.3.HL.TZ0.09d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
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17N.3.HL.TZ0.09a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
- 19N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
- 19N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were...
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20N.3.SL.TZ0.9c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
