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Date	November 2020	Marks available	2	Reference code	20N.3.SL.TZ0.10
Level	Standard level	Paper	Paper 3	Time zone	TZ0 / no time zone
Command term	Describe	Question number	10	Adapted from	N/A

Question

Aequorea victoria is a jellyfish that produces green fluorescent protein (GFP) which glows in blue light. The gene for GFP has been isolated and can be used as a marker gene. Plants with the gene incorporated glow when exposed to blue light.

[Source: [jellyfish image] Sierra Blakely, Attribution, via Wikimedia Commons.]

[leaves (middle image)] El-Shemy HA, Khalafalla MM, Ishimoto M. The role of green fluorescent protein (GFP)
in transgenic plants to reduce gene silencing phenomena. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2009;11 Suppl 1:i21–28.
Epub 2009 Feb 2. PMID: 19193961.

[seedlings (right image)] Clark, David & Kim, Joo Young & Cho, Keun Ho & Colquhoun, Thomas. (2019). Strong
Fluorescence Expression of ZsGreen1 in Petunia Flowers by Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated Transformation.
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. American Society for Horticultural Science. 144. 405–413.
10.21273/JASHS04776-19. https://journals.ashs.org/jashs/view/journals/jashs/144/6/article-p405.xml.

State the function of a marker gene.

[1]

a.

Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.

[2]

b.

Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.

[2]

c.

Markscheme

indicates successful uptake of recombinant DNA;

a.

a. an electrical field/potential is applied to cells;

b. increases the permeability of the cell membrane (to DNA);

b.

a. can be identified with bioinformatics software / example of software;

b. locate a sequence corresponding to a start codon/ATG (sense strand);

c. read this sequence until a stop codon/TGA/TAG /TAA is reached;

c.

Examiners report

[N/A]

a.

[N/A]

b.

[N/A]

c.

Syllabus sections

Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics » Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics (Core topics) » B.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

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18M.3.SL.TZ1.9c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
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16N.3.SL.TZ0.9d:
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18N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
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19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.ii:
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Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
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16N.3.SL.TZ0.9b:
Marker genes are often inserted together with the new gene. State the function of the marker genes.
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19M.3.HL.TZ2.11a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
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18M.3.HL.TZ1.10b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.10:
The diagram shows a spherical array of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet. Such structures can be used to introduce genes into plant protoplasts.

[Source: SuperManu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome#/media/File:Liposome_scheme-en.svg]

Explain briefly how plant protoplasts are prepared and how vesicles can be used to introduce genes into them.
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Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
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18M.3.SL.TZ1.9a:
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State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
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Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
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17N.3.HL.TZ0.09d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
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Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
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Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics » Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics (Core topics)

Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics