- Summary list for Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3
- Mindmaps
- Model answer
- Model answer
- Model answer
- Model answer
- Model answer
- Multiple choice questions
- 11.3 Kidney and osmoregulation 1/1
Learn and test your biological vocabulary using these 11.3 Kidney and osmoregulation flash cards
Summary list for Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3
Control of water balances in different animals
- Some animals are osmoconformers - their cells have solute concentration equal to their environment (eg. marine invertebrates)
- Vertebrates and insects are osmoregulators. (so are some single cells, eg.Amoeba)
- Insects have malphighian tubules but vertebrates have kidneys to carry out osmoregulation and remove nitrogenous wastes.
- The type of nitrogenous waste in animals is correlated with evolutionary history and habitat.
Kidney structure & function
- The differences in composition of blood in the renal artery & the renal vein.
- Ultrafiltration helped by the ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
- Selective reabsorption of useful substances by active transport in the proximal convoluted tubule.
- The loop of Henle maintains hypertonic conditions in the medulla.
- ADH controls reabsorption of water in the collecting duct.
- The length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the need for water conservation in animals.
Skills & applications
- To be able to draw and label a diagram of the human kidney.
- To be able to annotate diagrams of the nephron. Including glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule; and the collecting duct
- To have considered the consequences of dehydration and over-hydration.
- To know about treatment of kidney failure by hemodialysis or kidney transplant.
- To know about urinary test for Blood cells, glucose, proteins and drugs.
Mindmaps
These diagram summaries cover the main sections of topic 11.3 about osmoregulation and the kidney.
Study them and draw your own list or concept map from memory.
Understanding the structure of the kidney nephron is not as important as understanding it's function in osmoregulation. Many students learn the names or all the parts of a nephron but few learn the details of it's function. This question will help to practise explaining these functions.
Answer this question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.
Describe the formation of glomerular filtrate in the kidney and how homeostasis of water balance is achieved using selective reabsorption and ADH secretion. [8]
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Click the + icon to see a model answer.
Extra exam question on drawing a diagram of the kidney. Click to open.
A required skill is to draw a diagram of the kidney.
Answer this question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.
Hint: Draw a clear well defined drawing with accurate labels
Multiple choice questions
This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.
Try the questions to check your understanding.
START QUIZ!
Marine invertebrates are often osmoconformers, for example jelly fish. What does this mean about the solute concentration of their body fluids?
Some animals are osmoconformers - their cells have solute concentration equal to their environment
All of their bodily fluids are in osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding seawater.
Vertebrates and insects are osmoregulators. Which of the statements best describes the nature of osmoregulators?
carry out osmosis
Vertebrates and insects are osmoregulators. (so are some single cells, eg.Amoeba)
They have a mechanism to remove water when there is too much and so keep their body fluids at a constant concentration
Which are the structures used by insects to excrete nitrogenous waste?
Insects have malpighian tubules but vertebrates have kidneys to carry out osmoregulation and remove nitrogenous wastes.
Nitrogenous waste is excreted as different chemicals in different animals.
Which molecules do birds and aquatic invertebrates excrete to remove this waste?
Nitrogenous waste is excreted as different chemicals in different animals.
Ammonia is toxic and it requires much water for its excretion (better in aquatic organisms which have lots of water available).
Urea is less toxic and requires less water for (better in terrestrial environment)
And uric acid is least toxic and requires the least amount of water to remove. Therefore animals producing uric acid lose very little water with it which is important if you want to be light, or live in dry places.
What are the labels X and Y ?
medulla
Medulla - is the middle layer. This helps to remember which is which.
X is cortex
Which of the following correctly explains the reason that animals living in a desert are likely to have a long loop of Henle and a thick Medulla layer in the kidney?
The length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the need for water conservation in animals.
Desert animals have a long loop of Henle so they can reabsorb more water.
What happens to cells if the salt concentration of the tissue fluid becomes too high?
The consequences of dehydration is that the salt concentration of the tissue fluid becomes too high. Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink in size.
Which of the following could NOT be used to treat kidney failure?
Treatment of kidney failure can be done by hemodialysis (dialysis of the blood) or kidney transplant.
In an emergency a blood transfusion could help to restore the osmotic potential of the blood temporarily.
Hemoglobin is the protein found in the red blood cells which carries oxygen. So is not helpful in this case.
The diagram shows a kidney nephron.
Which of the labels indicates the, "distal convoluted tubule"?
You should be able to annotate diagrams of the nephron.
Including glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule; and the collecting duct
The diagram shows a kidney nephron.
Which of the labels indicates, "Bowman's capsule"?
You should be able to annotate diagrams of the nephron.
Including glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule; and the collecting duct
What is the role of ADH in the functioning of the kidney?
ADH controls reabsorption of water in the collecting duct.
What is the process by which glucose and other molecules enter the Bowman's capsule?
Selective reabsorption of useful substances by active transport in the proximal convoluted tubule.
In the glomerulus of the kidney nephron there are cells lining the blood capillaries which have pores.
What is the purpose of these specialised cells?
Ultrafiltration helped by the ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
Drag and drop activities
Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.
Osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe internal minaral and water concentrations in osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
osmoconformers concentration functions water stable increases dilute Osmoregulators homeostatic energy fall
Some aquatic animals are . They do not control their internal salt and levels but allow them to rise and depending upon the outside aquatic medium. Their body size and body fluids become more in fresh water, the opposite occuring in a marine environment. This method saves energy but can cause bodily to be less efficient.
maintain control of their body mineral and water by balancing water and mineral gain and loss. They maintain internal conditions and bodily efficiency but the process is consuming.
Explanation: Homeostatic control is energy consuming but allows the body to work at high efficiency in varied environmental conditions.
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Everyone needs a bit of fun while they revise. Try this kidney and osmoregulation card matching game.
Can you reach the leader board.
How much of Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3 HL have you understood?
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