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A.3. Non-nutritional ergogenic aids

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A.3.1. Define the term ergogenic aid.

A.3.2. Describe, with reference to an appropriate example, the placebo effect.

A.3.3. List five classes of non- nutritional ergogenic aids that are currently banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

A.3.4. Discuss why pharmacological substances appear on the list of banned substances.

A.3.5. Discuss the proposed and actual benefits that some athletes would hope to gain by using anabolic steroids, erythropoietin (EPO), beta blockers, caffeine and diuretics.

A.3.6. Outline the possible harmful effects of long-term use of anabolic steroids, EPO, beta blockers, caffeine and diuretics.