| Date | May 2018 | Marks available | 2 | Reference code | 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13 |
| Level | SL | Paper | 3 | Time zone | TZ1 |
| Command term | Compare and contrast | Question number | 13 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Many drugs, including aspirin, penicillin, codeine and taxol, have been modified from compounds that occur naturally.
Aspirin is often taken to reduce pain, swelling or fever. State one other use of aspirin.
State what is meant by the bioavailability of a drug.
Outline how the bioavailability of aspirin may be increased.
Compare and contrast the IR spectrum of aspirin with that of salicylic acid, using section 26 of the data booklet.
Describe how penicillin combats bacterial infections.
Outline two consequences of prescribing antibiotics such as penicillin unnecessarily.
State how penicillins may be modified to increase their effectiveness.
Morphine and codeine are strong analgesics. Outline how strong analgesics function.
Suggest one reason why codeine is more widely used than morphine as an analgesic.
Markscheme
Any one of:
anticoagulant
lower risk of heart attack/strokes
prevent recurrence of heart attack/stroke
prevents cancer of colon/oesophagus/stomach
Accept “prevents/reduces blood clots” OR “blood thinner”.
[1 mark]
fraction/proportion/percentage «of administered dosage» that reaches target «part of human body»
OR
fraction/ proportion/percentage «of administered dosage» that reaches blood «plasma»/systemic circulation
Accept “the ability of the drug to be absorbed by the body” OR “the extent to which the drug is absorbed by the body”.
Do not accept “the amount/quantity of the drug absorbed”.
[1 mark]
«intravenous» injection/IV
Accept “parenterally”.
Accept “react with alkali/NaOH” OR “convert to ionic form/salt”.
[1 mark]
One absorption found in both spectra:
Any one of:
1050–1410 cm–1 «C–O in alcohols, esters, ethers»
1700–1750 cm–1 «C=O in carboxylic acids, esters»
2500–3000 cm–1 «O–H in carboxylic acids»
2850–3090 cm–1 «C–H in alkanes, alkenes, arenes»
One absorption found in only one of the spectra:
3200–3600 cm–1 «O–H in alcohols, phenols»
Award [1 max] if candidate states bonds (C=O in both, O–H in salicylic acid only) but doesn’t quote wavelength ranges.
Accept a second/additional absorption at 1700–1750 cm–1 from the C=O in ester.
[2 marks]
Any two of:
ring is «sterically» strained
OR
ring breaks up/opens/reacts «easily»
OR
amide/amido group «in ring» is «highly» reactive
«irreversibly» binds/bonds to enzyme/transpeptidase
OR
inhibits enzyme/transpeptidase «in bacteria» that produces cell walls
OR
prevents cross-linking of bacterial cell walls
cells absorb water AND burst
OR
cells cannot reproduce
Award [1 max] for “interferes with cell wall production”.
Do not accept “cell membrane” instead of “cell wall”.
[2 marks]
Any two of:
leads to «bacterial» resistance/proportion of resistant bacteria increases
OR
leads to penicillinase-producing bacteria
damage to/contamination of bodies of water/ecosystems
destroys useful/beneficial bacteria
destroyed bacteria replaced by more harmful bacteria
Accept “endocrine disruptor”.
Do not accept “increased cost of developing antibiotics”.
[2 marks]
modify side chain
[1 mark]
temporarily bind to/block/interfere with receptor sites in brain
OR
prevent transmission of pain impulses within CNS/central nervous system
[1 mark]
codeine has a wider therapeutic window
Accept “codeine has lower activity” OR “codeine has lower risk of overdose” OR “codeine is less potent” OR “codeine has less side-effects”.
Do not accept “lower abuse potential for codeine” OR “less addictive «than morphine»” OR “codeine has a lower bioavailability” OR “available without prescription” OR “cheaper”.
[1 mark]
Examiners report
Syllabus sections
-
18M.3.sl.TZ1.13c.iv:
State how penicillins may be modified to increase their effectiveness.
-
18M.3.sl.TZ2.16a.ii:
State how penicillins may be modified to increase their effectiveness.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.22b: Describe how mild analgesics function.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.17a: Aspirin is a mild analgesic derived from salicylic acid found in willow bark. Describe how...
-
17M.3.sl.TZ2.15b.i:
State how aspirin can be converted to water-soluble aspirin.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.18d: State why aspirin is described as a mild analgesic with reference to its site of action.
-
17M.3.sl.TZ1.19c:
A student prepares aspirin from salicylic acid in the laboratory, extracts it from the reaction mixture, ensures the sample is dry and determines its melting point.
Suggest why the melting point of the student’s sample is lower and not sharp compared to that of pure aspirin.
-
17M.3.hl.TZ1.25c:
Organic molecules can be characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy.
Compare and contrast the infrared peaks above 1500 cm−1 in pure samples of aspirin and salicylic acid using section 26 of the data booklet.
-
20N.3.sl.TZ0.11a:
Deduce the structural formula of the by-product of this reaction.
-
19M.3.sl.TZ2.15a:
Predict one absorption band present in an infrared (IR) spectrum of aspirin, using section 26 of the data booklet.
- 18N.3.sl.TZ0.12a: State the internal bond angles in the β-lactam ring and the expected bond angles for the same...
- 18N.3.sl.TZ0.12d: State how the structure of penicillin can be changed to combat this effect.
- 18N.3.sl.TZ0.12e: Suggest why human cells are not affected by penicillin.
- 18N.3.hl.TZ0.16d: Suggest why human cells are not affected by penicillin.
- 18N.3.hl.TZ0.16a: State the internal bond angles in the b-lactam ring and the expected bond angles in sp2 and...
- 18N.3.hl.TZ0.16c: State how the structure of penicillin can be modified to combat the effect of...
- 18N.3.hl.TZ0.16b: Explain how the open β-lactam ring kills bacteria.
- 18N.3.sl.TZ0.12b: Explain how the open β-lactam ring kills bacteria.
-
17M.3.hl.TZ1.25b:
A student prepares aspirin from salicylic acid in the laboratory, extracts it from the reaction mixture, ensures the sample is dry and determines its melting point.
Suggest why the melting point of the student’s sample is lower and not sharp compared to that of pure aspirin.
-
18M.3.sl.TZ2.16c:
Explain why aspirin is not stored in a hot, humid location.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.21: Molecules of antibiotics often contain a beta-lactam ring. Explain the importance of the...
-
19M.3.sl.TZ1.15b(i):
The widespread use of penicillin and its derivatives has led to the appearance of resistant S. aureus strains.
Outline how these bacteria inactivate the antibiotics.
-
19M.3.sl.TZ1.15b(ii):
Outline how the structure of penicillin has been modified to overcome this resistance.
-
16N.3.sl.TZ0.16a:
(i) Outline what is meant by the term “ring strain”.
(ii) On the diagram above, label with asterisk/s (*) the carbon atom/s that experience ring strain.
-
17M.3.sl.TZ1.19b:
Formulate an equation for the conversion of aspirin to a more water soluble derivative.
-
19M.3.sl.TZ2.15d:
State why aspirin should not be taken with alcohol.
-
19M.3.sl.TZ1.15a:
Identify the feature in penicillin responsible for its antibiotic activity.
-
17M.3.hl.TZ2.20a.iv:
State two techniques, other than IR spectroscopy, which could be used to confirm the identity of aspirin.
- 19N.3.hl.TZ0.25a: Explain how the beta-lactam ring is responsible for the antibiotic properties of penicillin....
-
18M.3.sl.TZ2.16a.i:
Describe how penicillin combats bacterial infections.
- 19N.3.sl.TZ0.17a: Suggest one reactant used to prepare aspirin from salicylic acid.
-
19M.3.sl.TZ2.15b(ii):
Determine the percentage purity of the synthesized aspirin.
-
17M.3.sl.TZ1.19d:
Organic molecules can be characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy.
Compare and contrast the infrared peaks above 1500 cm−1 in pure samples of aspirin and salicylic acid using section 26 of the data booklet.
-
19M.3.hl.TZ1.19a:
Unreacted salicylic acid may be present as an impurity in aspirin and can be detected in the infrared (IR) spectrum.
Name the functional group and identify the absorption band that diff erentiates salicylic acid from aspirin. Use section 26 of the data booklet.
Name:
Absorption band:
-
19M.3.sl.TZ1.14:
Aspirin can be obtained from salicylic acid.
Unreacted salicylic acid may be present as an impurity in aspirin and can be detected in the infrared (IR) spectrum.
Name the functional group and identify the absorption band that differentiates salicylic acid from aspirin. Use section 26 of the data booklet.
Name:
Absorption band:
-
18M.3.sl.TZ1.13b.ii:
Outline how the bioavailability of aspirin may be increased.
-
17M.3.hl.TZ1.25a:
Suggest why aspirin is slightly soluble in water. Refer to section 37 of the data booklet.
-
17M.3.sl.TZ2.15a.iii:
State two techniques which could be used to confirm the identity of aspirin.
- 19N.3.sl.TZ0.18c: The discovery of penicillins contributed to the development of antibiotics. Explain how the...
-
19M.3.hl.TZ1.20b(i):
The widespread use of penicillin and its derivatives has led to the appearance of resistant S. aureus strains.
Outline how these bacteria inactivate the antibiotics.
-
18M.3.sl.TZ2.16b:
State the type of reaction used to synthesize aspirin from salicylic acid.
-
19M.3.hl.TZ2.22d:
State why aspirin should not be taken with alcohol.
-
19M.3.hl.TZ2.22b(ii):
Determine the percentage purity of the synthesized aspirin.
-
19M.3.hl.TZ2.22c:
Outline how aspirin can be chemically modified to increase its solubility in water.
-
19M.3.hl.TZ1.20b(ii):
Outline how the structure of penicillin has been modified to overcome this resistance.
-
19M.3.sl.TZ2.15b(i):
Determine the mass of aspirin which reacted with 16.25 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 NaOH solution.
-
19M.3.hl.TZ1.20a:
Identify the feature in penicillin responsible for its antibiotic activity.
-
18M.3.sl.TZ1.13c.ii:
Describe how penicillin combats bacterial infections.
-
19M.3.hl.TZ2.22b(i):
Determine the mass of aspirin which reacted with 16.25 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 NaOH solution.
-
18M.3.sl.TZ1.13a:
Aspirin is often taken to reduce pain, swelling or fever. State one other use of aspirin.
-
19M.3.hl.TZ2.22a:
Predict one absorption band present in an infrared (IR) spectrum of aspirin, using section 26 of the data booklet.
-
19N.3.sl.TZ0.17b:
Aspirin, C6H4(OCOCH3)COOH, is only slightly soluble in water.
Outline, including an equation, how aspirin can be made more water-soluble. Use section 37 in the data booklet.
-
16N.3.sl.TZ0.16b:
(i) Some antibiotic-resistant bacteria produce a beta-lactamase enzyme which destroys penicillin activity. Suggest how adding clavulanic acid to penicillin enables the antibiotic to retain its activity.
(ii) Populations of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have increased significantly over the last 60 years. Outline why antibiotics such as penicillin should not be prescribed to people suffering from a viral infection.
-
19M.3.sl.TZ2.15c:
Outline how aspirin can be chemically modified to increase its solubility in water.
- 20N.3.hl.TZ0.15b: Aspirin crystals are rinsed with water after recrystallization to remove impurities.Suggest...
-
20N.3.hl.TZ0.15c:
The solubility of aspirin is increased by converting it to an ionic form. Draw the structure of the ionic form of aspirin.
-
17M.3.sl.TZ1.19a:
Suggest why aspirin is slightly soluble in water. Refer to section 37 of the data booklet.
- 20N.3.sl.TZ0.11b: Aspirin crystals are rinsed with water after recrystallization to remove impurities.Suggest...
-
20N.3.hl.TZ0.15a:
Deduce the structural formula of the by-product of this reaction.
-
20N.3.hl.TZ0.19b(ii):
Explain, with reference to the action of penicillin, why new penicillins with different side-chains need to be produced.
-
20N.3.hl.TZ0.15e:
Explain how IR spectroscopy can be used to distinguish aspirin from salicylic acid.
- 20N.3.sl.TZ0.14b(i): Circle the side-chain in penicillin on the structure below.
-
20N.3.sl.TZ0.14b(ii):
Explain, with reference to the action of penicillin, why new penicillins with different side-chains need to be produced.
- 20N.3.hl.TZ0.19b(i): Circle the side-chain in penicillin on the structure below.
-
20N.3.sl.TZ0.11c:
The solubility of aspirin is increased by converting it to an ionic form. Draw the structure of the ionic form of aspirin.
