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Date	May 2018	Marks available	2	Reference code	18M.3.SL.TZ2.4
Level	Standard level	Paper	Paper 3	Time zone	Time zone 2
Command term	Explain	Question number	4	Adapted from	N/A

Question

The graph shows the energy consumption of photoreceptors in three different species of fly (Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila virilis and Sarcophaga carnaria) at the mean of the highest transmission rate for each species at rest and while sending a nerve signal (signalling).

Outline the function of one named photoreceptor in the mammalian eye.

[2]

a.

Explain how neurons at rest still consume energy.

[2]

b.i.

Identify the species with photoreceptors that have the fastest signalling transmission rate.

[1]

b.ii.

Describe the relationship between energy consumption and transmission rate.

[2]

b.iii.

Markscheme

a. name: rod
OR
cone

b. function: rod detects wide range of wavelengths/monochrome/low light intensity/dim light
OR
detects coloured light / colour «photoreceptor»

a.

a. maintenance metabolism/respiration of the neuron

b. use of Na-K/sodium potassium pump to maintain resting potential

c. cell repair «consumes energy»

b.i.

S. carnaria / Sarcophaga carnaria

b.ii.

a. energy consumption increases from rest to signalling «in all three species»

b. faster transmission consumes more energy
OR
positive correlation

c. doubling of transmission rate requires more than double the increase in energy consumption
OR
exponential increase
OR
the higher the energy consumption at rest, the higher the energy consumption at signalling

b.iii.

Examiners report

[N/A]

a.

[N/A]

b.i.

[N/A]

b.ii.

[N/A]

b.iii.

Syllabus sections

Option A: Neurobiology and behaviour » Option A: Neurobiology and behaviour (Core topics) » A.3 Perception of stimuli

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[Source: Holly Fischer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye#/media/File:Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.png]

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Option A: Neurobiology and behaviour » Option A: Neurobiology and behaviour (Core topics)

Option A: Neurobiology and behaviour