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2. Pre-colonial African states (Southern and West Africa) 1800‑1900

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This section focuses on the African states in Southern and West Africa before the advent of colonialism. It explores efforts at state building and the political, social and economic factors that contributed to the growth of viable states and the role of political leadership in them. In West Africa, the religious, social and political reasons for the success of the Sokoto jihad are analysed and its complex results are explored. In the Niger Delta, the growth of the palm oil trade led to the emergence of new leaders largely due to their skills as traders. In South Africa, in addition to the study of the Zulu and Sotho kingdoms, there is the much-debated issue of the reasons for the massive and prolonged period of the migration and conflict known as the Mfecane.


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Sub sections and their related questions

Rise of the Zulu kingdom under Shaku Zulu: political, social and economic organization

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The Sotho Kingdom under Mosheshwe: political, social and economic organization

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Rise and fall of the Asante Empire under Osei Tutu: cause of decline and effects

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Rise of the Mandinka Empire under Samori Toure: political, social and economic organization

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The Sokoto caliphate under Usman Dan Fodio: factors for rise of the caliphate and effects

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The Mfecane: political, social and economic causes and effects

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Niger Delta trading states: the rise and rule of Nana and JaJa

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