Evaluate the reasons for the rise of the Niger Delta trading states in the 19th century.

Candidates are required to appraise the factors that facilitated the emergence of the trading states such as the growing international demand for palm oil as well as more specific reasons, weighing up the strengths and limitations of each. While the question does not mention Nana and Jaja specifically, it is likely that these two individuals will be the main focus of candidates’ responses.

Indicative content

• One major factor was the decline of the trans-Atlantic slave trade over the course of the 19th century. This was replaced by the legitimate and lucrative trade in palm oil, which was in great demand as a machine lubricant in European industries.
• Vast supplies of palm oil were to be found upriver of the Niger Delta, which meant that the trading states enjoyed a strong strategic position. This allowed leaders like Nana and Jaja to become “middlemen” in the trade, buying oil from groups upriver and selling it to the European traders at the coast.
• The growing political significance, within the states, of the trading houses may be examined. Previously tied to royalty, the trading houses became increasingly meritocratic and this allowed skilled ex-slaves such as Nana and Jaja to rise through their ranks. The most talented and ruthless traders came to dominate and this facilitated the rise and success of the trading states.
• Candidates may examine the strong military organization of the trading states. This included the use of war canoes, which allowed them to block riverine access to the interior so that they could monopolize the trade.
• The willingness of some European firms to enter into exclusive deals with the trading states, such as the one struck between Alexander Miller Company and Jaja could be examined. These arrangements worked to the benefit of the trading states.
• The trading skills and political acumen of men like Nana and Jaja may also be examined. Nana established a sort of regional economic imperialism by appointing his own agents across much of the delta. Jaja gained credit with the British by sending troops to fight in the Asante War of 1874. He also broke into the export trade by ignoring the companies and selling directly to
  Europe.

The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, the list is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.

Examiners and moderators are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.

[20 marks]