• Syllabus

9: Response to European imperialism (1870–1920)

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Sub sections and their related questions

Factors influencing decisions to resist: determination to preserve independence; brutality and inflexibility of the colonizing power; political structures; military strength; access to firearms

• 17N.3op1.HL.TZ0.17: Evaluate the factors that influenced African decisions to resist European imperialism.
• 19N.3op1.HL.TZ0.17: “Military strength was the main factor in the decision of African states to resist imperialism.”...
• 21N.3op1.HL.TZ0.17: “Strong African states resisted imperialism while weaker states collaborated.” To what extent do...
• 22M.3op1.HL.TZ0.17: “The brutality of the colonizing powers was the main reason for resistance by African states.”...

Ethiopian resistance under Menelik II: reasons for success

• 20N.3op1.HL.TZ0.17: Examine the results of Menelik II’s resistance to European imperialism in Ethiopia.

Mandinka resistance to French rule: reasons for success and failure

• 17M.3op1.HL.TZ0.17: Evaluate Mandinka resistance to French rule.
• 18M.3op1.HL.TZ0.17:

  “Economic discontent was the major factor that led to Mandinka resistance to French rule.” Discuss.

• 18N.3op1.HL.TZ0.17: Compare and contrast the responses of the Mandinka and the Zulu to challenges to their independence.

Herero and Nama resistance in Namibia: reasons for failure

• 18M.3op1.HL.TZ0.18: Evaluate the reasons for the failure of Herero and Nama resistance in Namibia.

Cetshwayo and the conquest and destruction of the Zulu kingdom

• 17N.3op1.HL.TZ0.18: “The conquest and destruction of the Zulu kingdom was mainly a consequence of Cetshwayo’s poor...
• 18N.3op1.HL.TZ0.17: Compare and contrast the responses of the Mandinka and the Zulu to challenges to their independence.
• 21M.3op1.HL.TZ0.17: To what extent was Cetshwayo responsible for the conquest and destruction of the Zulu kingdom?

The Asante Wars (1873, 1896, 1900): reasons for Asante resistance and British intervention

• 19M.3op1.HL.TZ0.17:

  With reference to the Asante wars (1873, 1896, 1900), evaluate the reasons for Asante resistance and British intervention.

• 21N.3op1.HL.TZ0.18:

  “The most important reasons for British intervention in the Asante Wars (1873, 1896, 1900) were economic.” Discuss.

Factors influencing decisions to collaborate: pragmatism; willingness of the colonial power to negotiate; social, political and economic gains including protection; lack of alternative

• 19M.3op1.HL.TZ0.18: “African leaders collaborated with the colonial powers because they had no alternative.” Discuss.
• 22M.3op1.HL.TZ0.18: “African pragmatism was the most important factor in the decision to collaborate with European...

Collaboration: Lewanika and Khama with the British

• 17M.3op1.HL.TZ0.18: “The advantages of collaboration with colonial powers outweighed the disadvantages.” To what...
• 18N.3op1.HL.TZ0.18: Discuss the reasons why Lewanika and Khama decided to collaborate with the British.
• 20N.3op1.HL.TZ0.18: “Collaboration with the British was mainly influenced by the prospect of political gain.” Discuss...

Resistance and collaboration in Buganda: Kabaka Mwanga and Apolo Kagwa, reasons for failure and success

• 19N.3op1.HL.TZ0.18: To what extent was Apolo Kagwa’s collaboration with the British beneficial for Buganda?
• 20N.3op1.HL.TZ0.18: “Collaboration with the British was mainly influenced by the prospect of political gain.” Discuss...
• 21M.3op1.HL.TZ0.18: Discuss the reasons for resistance and collaboration with the colonial power in Buganda.
• 21N.3op1.HL.TZ0.17: “Strong African states resisted imperialism while weaker states collaborated.” To what extent do...