Examine the results of Menelik II’s resistance to European imperialism in Ethiopia.

The question requires that candidates consider the interrelationship between Menelik’s resistance to European imperialism and the results of that resistance for Ethiopia. Results may extend beyond the timeframe, but they must be clearly linked to the issue raised in the question. Candidates may refer to Menelik’s military success at the Battle of Adowa. This meant that Italy’s imperial ambitions were thwarted and Ethiopia’s independence preserved. His victory led to the Treaty of Addis Ababa in which Italy rescinded its claims to a protectorate. The border between Ethiopia and Eritrea was formally demarcated to Menelik’s advantage. Ethiopian sovereignty was further strengthened through a series of treaties with other European powers, and Menelik was able to expand his territory to the south. Candidates may point out that victory allowed Menelik to bolster his authority at home and embark on a series of modernizing reforms. The economy grew and there were significant developments in the fields of banking, healthcare, education and transport. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.