Evaluate the role of two of the following in leading their countries to independence: Ben Bella (Algeria); Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam); Mugabe (Zimbabwe); Nkrumah (Ghana); Walesa (Poland); Havel (Czechoslovakia).

Candidates are required to appraise the strengths and limitations of the role of two of the leaders mentioned in leading their countries to independence.

Indicative content

• Charismatic leadership may have increased popular support for independence.
• Political or military experience may have provided expertise in leading independence movements.
• The ability to use propaganda effectively to explain and popularize the call for independence.
• An international profile may have provided access to influential support from outside the country.
• During the Cold War, ideological ties to the US, Soviet Union or China may have given access to support and assistance.
• The ability to take advantage of changing world opinion that was more likely to support calls for independence.
• A reputation for resistance to authority and, perhaps, a demonstrated willingness to suffer imprisonment or exile in order to achieve their aims.

The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, it is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.

Examiners and moderators are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.

[20 marks]