With reference to Africa and/or Asia, to what extent did political ideology contribute to the rise of independence movements in two colonial territories?

Candidates are required to consider the merits or otherwise of the suggestion that ideology was a key contributor to the rise of independence movements. Other factors may also be considered in order to present a balanced view. Arguments should be supported with relevant and accurate evidence.

Indicative content

Political ideology

• Political ideologies may have provided a programme of aims and beliefs that formed a basis for political action.
• Ideology may have provided links to similar movements in other countries that may have provided support and financial and/or military aid.
• Ideology also may have been explained to the people through the use of propaganda and this may have helped to win support.
• Ideology may have provided justification for political and/or economic change or it may have been used to justify armed rebellion.

Other factors

• Economic hardship, regardless of ideology, may have motivated demands for independence.
• Charismatic leadership, regardless of ideology, may have gathered support.
• The granting of independence by the colonial power may have made political ideology less relevant.
• Tribal identity, rather than political ideology may have provided the strongest bond among members of a movement.

The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, it is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.

Examiners and moderators are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.

[20 marks]