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Option A: Freshwater—issues and conflicts

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Last exams 2018 » Last exams 2018 - Optional themes » Option A: Freshwater—issues and conflicts

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Directly related questions

16N.2.bp.1a:
(i) Describe the changes in flood frequency shown on the graph.

(ii) Estimate how many more floods occurred in the 1990s than in the 1930s.
16N.2.bp.1b:
Suggest one physical reason and one human reason why the risk of a river flooding can change over time.
16N.2.bp.1c:
To what extent are floodplain landforms the result of river deposition?
16N.2.bp.2a:
(i) Define the term wetland area.

(ii) Describe the pattern of wetland areas shown on the map.
16N.2.bp.2b:
(i) State one component of agricultural run-off that contributes to the eutrophication of lakes and wetlands.

(ii) Suggest two impacts of eutrophication that can have adverse effects for people.
16N.2.bp.2c:
“The drainage basin is an open system with inputs, outputs, transfers and stores.” Discuss how this knowledge helps people to prevent flooding.
.2.bp.1ai: State the year when the highest sediment load occurred.
.2.bp.1aii: State the volume of sediment load in that year at Huangzhang.
.2.bp.1b:
Identify three ways in which the load of a river is transported and briefly describe one of these ways
.2.bp.1c:
Referring to the map and graphs, explain how the construction of the Danjiangkou Dam affected sediment loads along the Han River.
.2.bp.1d:
Examine the influences of physical factors and human activity on a specific river flood.
.2.bp.2a:
Describe the trend in water shortage between 1990 and 2015 shown on the graph.
.2.bp.2b: Suggest possible reasons for the changes in supply between 1990 and 2015 shown on the graph.
.2.bp.2c:
Analyse two competing demands for water in a named river basin.
.2.bp.2d: Referring to one or more examples, examine the environmental effects of ground water abstraction...
17M.2.bp.2c:
Compare the effectiveness of alternative stream management strategies, other than dams.
17M.2.bp.1b:
Define the concept of “maximum sustainable yield” of freshwater.
17M.2.bp.1c:
With reference to one named river basin, explain two strategies that have been adopted to meet competing demands for water.
17M.2.bp.2b:
Explain three factors that may produce a short time lag on a storm hydrograph.
17M.2.bp.1d: “The negative consequences of river flooding always outweigh the benefits.” Discuss this statement.
17M.2.bp.1a:
Outline two environmental problems that may occur downstream from multi-purpose dams.
17N.2.bp.01c:
Discuss the positive and negative hydrological impacts of dam and reservoir construction.
17N.2.bp.02a.iii:
Outline why the rising limb on this hydrograph is steeper than the falling limb.
17N.2.bp.01a:
Briefly outline two processes of river erosion.
17N.2.bp.01b.i:
Explain how irrigation can lead to salinization.
17N.2.bp.01b.ii:
Explain two consequences of salinization for farmers.
17N.2.bp.02a.i:
State the lag time for the storm event shown on the hydrograph.
17N.2.bp.02a.ii:
State how many hours the discharge was over 40 cumecs.
17N.2.bp.02b:
Explain the formation of two landforms on a river floodplain.
17N.2.bp.02c:
Discuss the environmental consequences of eutrophication and the pollution of aquifers.
18M.2.bp.1a:
Outline two ways in which sediment is transported by a river.
18M.2.bp.1b.i:
Using one named example of an international conflict related to freshwater, briefly explain one cause of the conflict.
18M.2.bp.1b.ii:
Using one named example of an international conflict related to freshwater, briefly explain two consequences of the conflict.
18M.2.bp.1c:
Examine how human activity influenced the severity of one named river flood event.
18M.2.bp.2a.i:
State the four elements of the hydrological cycle labelled A–D.
18M.2.bp.2a.ii:
State two possible methods of artificially recharging the aquifer.
18M.2.bp.2b:
Explain three possible ways people may modify a river channel to increase the flow of water.
18M.2.bp.2c:
To what extent has the management of one major wetland area been successful?
18N.2.bp.1a.ii:
Suggest why a logarithmic graph was used to show these data.
18N.2.bp.1a.iii:
Estimate the flood recurrence interval for a discharge of 10 000 cumecs.
18N.2.bp.2a.i:
State the direction of flow of the Phungi Khola river at A.
18N.2.bp.1b.i:
Suggest how changes over time in the amount of water stored as ice in the hydrological cycle could lead to increased river flows.
18N.2.bp.1c:
Examine the environmental impacts of agriculture on water quality.
18N.2.bp.2a.ii:
Using map evidence, outline one reason why the Phungi Khola river is likely to have seasonal variations in its discharge.
18N.2.bp.1b.ii:
Suggest how changes over time in the amount of water stored as ice in the hydrological cycle could affect the size of one or more other stores in the hydrological cycle.
18N.2.bp.2a.iii:
Using map evidence, state why river discharge at B is likely to be significantly higher than at C throughout the year.
18N.2.bp.1a.i:
State the relationship between the discharge and the flood recurrence interval shown on the graph.
18N.2.bp.2b:
Explain two hydrological changes that may result from the construction of a dam in an area such as the Sagarmatha National Park.
18N.2.bp.2c:
With reference to one named river basin, discuss the different strategies used to meet the competing demands on the water supply.

Sub sections and their related questions

The water system

Drainage basins and flooding

.2.bp.1d:
Examine the influences of physical factors and human activity on a specific river flood.
16N.2.bp.1a:
(i) Describe the changes in flood frequency shown on the graph.

(ii) Estimate how many more floods occurred in the 1990s than in the 1930s.
16N.2.bp.2c:
“The drainage basin is an open system with inputs, outputs, transfers and stores.” Discuss how this knowledge helps people to prevent flooding.
17M.2.bp.1d: “The negative consequences of river flooding always outweigh the benefits.” Discuss this statement.
17M.2.bp.2b:
Explain three factors that may produce a short time lag on a storm hydrograph.
17N.2.bp.02a.i:
State the lag time for the storm event shown on the hydrograph.
17N.2.bp.02a.ii:
State how many hours the discharge was over 40 cumecs.
17N.2.bp.02a.iii:
Outline why the rising limb on this hydrograph is steeper than the falling limb.
18M.2.bp.1a:
Outline two ways in which sediment is transported by a river.
18M.2.bp.1c:
Examine how human activity influenced the severity of one named river flood event.
18N.2.bp.1a.i:
State the relationship between the discharge and the flood recurrence interval shown on the graph.
18N.2.bp.1a.ii:
Suggest why a logarithmic graph was used to show these data.
18N.2.bp.1a.iii:
Estimate the flood recurrence interval for a discharge of 10 000 cumecs.
18N.2.bp.2a.i:
State the direction of flow of the Phungi Khola river at A.
18N.2.bp.2a.ii:
Using map evidence, outline one reason why the Phungi Khola river is likely to have seasonal variations in its discharge.
18N.2.bp.2a.iii:
Using map evidence, state why river discharge at B is likely to be significantly higher than at C throughout the year.

Management issues and strategies

Competing demands for water