State which neighbourhood has the lowest amount of green space remaining.

State which neighbourhood has 30 % of green space remaining on its streets.

Outline one reason why urban temperatures are sometimes higher than those of surrounding rural areas.

Suggest how the loss of green spaces over time in large cities like this could be explained by one economic factor.

Suggest how the loss of green spaces over time in large cities like this could be explained by one political factor.

B

C

Award [1] for a correct factor and [1] for development.

For example: Higher density of buildings/concrete compared with rural areas absorb/store heat during the day [1] which is then released during the night [1].

Other possibilities include:

• Buildings emitting heat
• Air pollution
• Transport routes
• Hard surface reverberation
• Albedo effect
• Valid reasons why rural areas are cooler.

Award [1] for a valid suggestion and up to [2] for development / explanation /exemplification.

For example: In large cities, there is very high demand for land [1] so green space is turned into more profitable land uses in the inner areas [1] for example for new housing projects [1].

Other possibilities include:

• retail use
• industry
• services.

Award [1] for a valid suggestion and up to [2] for development / explanation / exemplification.

For example: lack of protection of green spaces by planning authorities/governments [1] leading to the uncontrolled urban sprawl of industry/housing/transport [1] particularly where there is great public pressure for new housing that governments must act on [1].

Other possibilities include:

• planning i.e. designating areas for housing / industrial use
• corruption means protected areas are developed unofficially
• local tax revenues increased by new housing/car parks.

These didn't seem to cause problems.

These didn't seem to cause problems although several were incorrect with a(ii).

Most had some good knowledge of the urban heat island, but many did not gain the extra mark for developing the reason, especially relating to the emission of vehicle exhaust fumes. The albedo effect was well understood.

There was some misunderstanding of what was meant by green spaces with some referring to forests and farmland. Good answers were able to refer to a named example of the loss of green space. 

There was some misunderstanding of what was meant by green spaces with some referring to forests and farmland. Good answers were able to refer to a named example of the loss of green space. A few had a limited idea of what a 'political factor' encompassed and referred to the results of wars.