State the factor that belongs in box A.

State one political factor that could be included in box B.

Outline how one physical factor can affect the location of low-income residential areas in a city.

Explain two possible ways of solving the long-term issue of urban social deprivation in an area such as this.

Reduced job opportunities/unemployment/outmigration

Award [1] for a valid political factor.

Possibilities include:

• Clean Air Act
• adoption of sustainability goals
• land-use planning
• tariffs and trade (including trade barriers)
• government policies.

Award [1] for a correct physical factor and [1] for development.

For example, favelas on steep slopes [1] because they are prone to landslides and other people don’t want to live there [1].

Other possible factors include:

• swampy area
• contaminated land
• prevailing wind or strong winds.

Do not accept distance from the CBD as this is being interpreted as an economic factor (bid rent).

In each case, award [1] for the strategy and up to [2] for development/explanation/exemplification.

For example: Re-training of people who have lost their job and lack skills [1] in order for them to get work in new service industries [1], which attracts new employers/industry to the area and breaks the cycle [1].

Other possibilities include:

• movement of new industries into these brownfield sites
• micro-financing / lending
• re-industrialization
• provision of affordable housing
• government intervention
• encouraging a wider range of leisure activities/night life
• developing flag ship attractions
• constructing new offices, conference centres, hotels
• re-urbanization with new apartment blocks.

Do not accept gentrification as a factor.

No problems with this part.

Not many could correctly state a political factor. Some of the answers were correct but did not fit into the Box B as per the flow diagram.

Many did not identify a physical factor and as such answered incorrectly. Others identified a physical factor but did not develop the point sufficiently.

There were a lot of fully developed responses but there were also weaknesses as many responses did not actually address the question about how to solve urban social deprivation. Instead the candidates wrote about urban renewal in general terms, for example suggesting de-industrialization or suburbanization as a solution. There was also a lot of repetition in the two suggestions.