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11.2 Movement

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Description

Nature of science:
Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—fluorescent calcium ions have been used to study the cyclic interactions in muscle contraction. (1.8)
Understandings:
  • Bones and exoskeletons provide anchorage for muscles and act as levers.
  • Synovial joints allow certain movements but not others.
  • Movement of the body requires muscles to work in antagonistic pairs.
  • Skeletal muscle fibres are multinucleate and contain specialized endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Muscle fibres contain many myofibrils.
  • Each myofibril is made up of contractile sarcomeres.
  • The contraction of the skeletal muscle is achieved by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments.
  • ATP hydrolysis and cross bridge formation are necessary for the filaments to slide.
  • Calcium ions and the proteins tropomyosin and troponin control muscle contractions.
Applications and skills:
  • Application: Antagonistic pairs of muscles in an insect leg.
  • Skill: Annotation of a diagram of the human elbow.
  • Skill: Drawing labelled diagrams of the structure of a sarcomere.
  • Skill: Analysis of electron micrographs to find the state of contraction of muscle fibres.
Guidance:
  • Elbow diagram should include cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones and named antagonistic muscles.
  • Drawing labelled diagrams of the structure of a sarcomere should include Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments with heads, and the resultant light and dark bands.
  • Measurement of the length of sarcomeres will require calibration of the eyepiece scale of the microscope.
 Aims:
  • Aim 7: Use of grip strength data loggers to assess muscle fatigue.
  • Aim 7: Use of animations to visualize contraction.

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