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Date November 2019 Marks available 8 Reference code 19N.2.SL.TZ0.2
Level Standard level Paper Paper 2 Time zone Time zone 0
Command term Discuss Question number 2 Adapted from N/A

Question

Bank of Canada raises interest rates for the first time in seven years

  1. For seven years Canada’s central bank, the Bank of Canada, kept its official interest rate at 0.5 %. This period of easy monetary policy may be coming to an end. The Bank of Canada has just raised its official interest rate from 0.5 % to 0.75 %, claiming that there is new confidence in the Canadian economy. Figures show that the 3.5 % growth in gross domestic product (GDP) in the first quarter of 2017 is above its potential. In addition, the Bank of Canada expects growth in consumer spending, exports and business investment to stimulate economic growth in the months ahead. Such factors might contribute to inflationary pressure in the future.

  2. One of the issues that might have delayed the interest rate increase in Canada is that the inflation rate is still low and falling. Central banks typically raise interest rates when inflation is rising. That is not the problem in Canada, where the consumer price index (CPI) has been rising at well below the Bank of Canada’s 2 % inflation target. However, the governor of the Bank of Canada says that he is looking at forecasts of future inflation rates, noting that the data suggest the interest rate increase is necessary. An official statement from the Bank of Canada notes that growth is increasing across all industries and regions and that the economy has started to improve. There is no longer a need for the low interest rate.

  3. Positive economic growth figures, the optimism shown by the Bank of Canada, and the recent interest rate increase have caused a rapid appreciation of the Canadian dollar against the United States (US) dollar over recent months. There are now expectations that the Bank of Canada will raise the interest rate once or possibly twice more before the end of the year, as signs continue to point to a healthy economy. This would likely cause further strengthening of the Canadian dollar against the US dollar.

  4. An economist has said that the gain in the Canadian dollar against the US dollar may have a large effect on importers and exporters, although it will likely be months before consumers see the effects. She further noted that the effects would vary across different industries. There is some concern about the consequences for the Canadian current account. Currently the current account deficit is at 3.6 % of GDP.

  5. A stronger currency is also likely to encourage more Canadians to travel south to the US.

[Source: adapted from Bank of Canada raises interest rates for first time in seven years,
The Globe and Mail, July 12, 2017, https://beta.theglobeandmail.com]

 

Table 1: Canada’s main exports

[Source: adapted from https://tradingeconomics.com, accessed 4 September 2017]

 

Table 2: Canada’s main export destinations

[Source: adapted from https://tradingeconomics.com, accessed 5 October 2017]

Outline two roles of a country’s central bank (paragraph [1]).

[2]
a.i.

Define the term current account deficit indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [4]).

[2]
a.ii.

Using an AD/AS diagram, explain the likely impact on the Canadian economy of the increase in the official interest rate (paragraph [1]).

[4]
b.

Using an exchange rate diagram, explain one reason for the appreciation of the Canadian dollar (paragraph [3]).

[4]
c.

Using information from the text/data and your knowledge of economics, discuss the possible effects on the Canadian economy of the strengthening of the Canadian dollar against the US dollar.

[8]
d.

Markscheme

a.i.

a.ii.

Candidates who incorrectly label diagrams can be awarded a maximum of [3].

For AD/AS, the vertical axis may be “price level” or any similar terms such as “average (general) price level”. For the horizontal axis, “real (national) output/income” or “real GDP”. Any relevant abbreviations are acceptable.
A title is not necessary.

b.

Candidates who incorrectly label diagrams can be awarded a maximum of [3].

For an exchange rate diagram, the vertical axis may be exchange rate, price of CA$ in US$, or US$ per CA$, or US$/CA$ (US$ may be replaced by “other currencies”). The horizontal axis may be quantity or quantity of CA$.

c.

Examiners should be aware that candidates may take a different approach which,if appropriate, should be rewarded.

Do not award beyond level 2 if the answer does not contain reference to the information provided.

Command term
“Discuss” requires candidates to offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses. Opinions or conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

To discuss the effects on the economy, candidates might consider the advantages and disadvantages related to macroeconomic goals.

Responses may include:
A definition/explanation of a “stronger currency”.

Economic growth:

Low unemployment:

Low and stable inflation

Current account:

Standard of living

To reach Level 3, candidates must refer to the particular situation in the Canadian economy, not just present the advantages and disadvantages of a stronger currency in general.

Any reasonable discussion.

d.

Examiners report

[N/A]
a.i.
[N/A]
a.ii.
[N/A]
b.
[N/A]
c.
[N/A]
d.

Syllabus sections

Last exams 2021 » Section 3: International economics » 3.2 Exchange rates » Freely floating exchange rates » The effects of exchange rate changes
Last exams 2021 » Section 3: International economics » 3.2 Exchange rates » Freely floating exchange rates
First exams 2022 » Unit 4: The global economy » 4.5 Exchange rates » 4.5.3 Consequences of changes in the exchange rate on economic indicators
Last exams 2021 » Section 3: International economics » 3.2 Exchange rates
First exams 2022 » Unit 4: The global economy » 4.5 Exchange rates
Last exams 2021 » Section 3: International economics
First exams 2022 » Unit 4: The global economy
First exams 2022
Last exams 2021

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