State an analytical technique used to separate anabolic steroids from other compounds in an athlete’s urine or blood.

Explain how hexane and propanone may be separated by fractional distillation.

Deduce which spectrum belongs to paracetamol, giving two reasons for your choice. Use section 26 of the data booklet.

Hexane and propanone have vapour pressures of 17 kPa and 24 kPa respectively at 20 °C.

Calculate the vapour pressure, in kPa, at 20 °C of a mixture containing 60% hexane and 40% propanone by mole fraction, using Raoult’s law and assuming the mixture is ideal.

A breathalyser measures the blood alcohol content from a breath sample. Formulate half-equations for the reactions at the anode (negative electrode) and the cathode (positive electrode) in a fuel cell breathalyser.

One class of performance-enhancing drugs is the anabolic steroids. Detection of these drugs in urine samples uses a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

(i) Describe how gas chromatography enables the components of urine to be analysed.

(ii) The structures of two steroids, testosterone and nandrolone, are given below.

With reference to the molar masses of the two steroids, determine, with a reason, which can be identified from the mass spectrum below.

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is used to identify functional groups in organic compounds.

Deduce the wavenumber, in cm⁻¹, of an absorption peak found in the IR spectrum of testosterone but not in that of cholesterol.

Predict the chemical shifts and integration for each signal in the ¹H NMR spectrum for ethanol using section 27 of the data booklet.

Some mild analgesics contain a solid mixture of acidic aspirin and a non-acidic organic chemical of similar polarity to asprin.

Discuss how acid-base properties and the process of solvent extraction can be used to separate aspirin from the mixture.

Describe how a fuel cell breathalyser works.

Describe a technique for the detection of steroids in blood and urine.

Fuel cells use an electrochemical process to determine the concentration of ethanol.

Formulate the overall equation for this process.

Explain how redox chemistry is used to measure the ethanol concentration in a breathalyser.

Alcohol levels in the breath can also be determined using IR spectroscopy.

Suggest, giving a reason, which bond’s absorbance is most useful for detecting ethanol in breath.

Bond: 

Reason:

Ethanol in breath can be detected by a redox reaction. Outline this method of detection. An equation is not required.

Explain how IR spectroscopy can be used to distinguish aspirin from salicylic acid.

The vapour pressure of pure ethanal at $20°\mathrm{C}$ is $101 \mathrm{kPa}$.

Calculate the vapour pressure of ethanal above the liquid mixture at $20°\mathrm{C}$.