DP Biology Questionbank
Topic 11: Animal physiology
Description
Overview of the essential ideas for this topic.
11.1: Immunity is based on recognition of self and destruction of foreign material.
11.2: The roles of the musculoskeletal system are movement, support and protection.
11.3: All animals excrete nitrogenous waste products and some animals also balance water and solute concentrations.
11.4: Sexual reproduction involves the development and fusion of haploid gametes.
Directly related questions
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.38: Which hormone is inhibited during pregnancy in order to prevent contractions of the uterus? A....
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1a: Deduce whether the excretion of ammonia or urea changes more when a turtle emerges from water.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1b: Compare and contrast the changes in urea excretion in the mouth with the changes in urea...
-
20N.2.HL.TZ0.7c:
Explain the role of the kidney in osmoregulation.
-
17N.3.HL.TZ0.02a:
Concerns have been raised about the effect of rising pollution levels on sperm production in men. To investigate the possible effects of pollution on spermatogenesis, sperm samples from men of similar ages were collected in Kolkata in the 1980s and 2000s. The box plot represents the mean and range of sperm counts in the 1980s and 2000s.
[Source: Republished with permission of Elsevier Science and Technology Journals, from ‘Semen quality and age-specific changes: A study between two decades on 3729 male partners of couples with normal sperm count and attending an andrology laboratory for infertility-related problems in an Indian city’, Dyutiman Mukhopadhyay, Alex C. Varghese, Manisha Pal, Sudip K. Banerjee, Asok K. Bhattacharyya, Rakesh K. Sharma, and Ashok Agarwal, Fertility and Sterility, 93 (7), 2009; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc]
A hypothesis has been suggested that pollution may have a negative effect on spermatogenesis. Evaluate whether the data support this hypothesis.
-
21M.1.HL.TZ1.37:
The diagram represents a sarcomere. Which structure is myosin?
[Source: MPI of Molecular Plant Physiology. [Sarcomere]. [diagram online] Available at: http://www.macroevolution.net/sarcomere.html [accessed 4 April 2019]. Source adapted.]
- 21M.1.HL.TZ2.39: What sequence shows the route taken by nitrogenous wastes in insects from their production in...
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.1f: The researchers assessed age as a proportion of normal life span, rather than in years. Suggest...
-
22M.2.HL.TZ1.1h:
Suggest how the graph would differ for a human during a long period of inactivity.
- 18N.1.HL.TZ0.39: The image shows a flow chart. Which sequence would correspond to the stages shown in the flow...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1h: Suggest possible reasons for the difficulty of preventing or controlling a viral epidemic such as...
-
19M.2.HL.TZ1.1e:
Suggest reasons for the high percentage of fatal cases at Ebola treatment centres.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.5c: Explain how calcium is involved in muscle contraction.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1f.ii: Suggest possible reasons for the observed pattern of presence of antibodies in vaccinated mice.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.5a.ii: Identify the protein producing the thick filament in the dark band indicated by II.
-
16N.1.HL.TZ0.39:
Which kidney adaptation would be expected in the desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti)?
A. Increased nephron density
B. Longer proximal convoluted tubule
C. Longer loop of Henle
D. Increased ADH receptors on the collecting duct
- 16N.2.HL.TZ0.6c: Distinguish between the composition of the blood of the renal artery and the blood of the renal...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1c.ii: Suggest reasons for these trends in dissolved oxygen.
- 17N.2.HL.TZ0.02d.ii: State one possible use of hybridoma cells.
-
21M.1.HL.TZ2.40:
What function is maintained as a result of the release of HCG?
A. Production of milk by the mammary glands
B. Release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary gland
C. Production of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland
D. Production of progesterone by the ovary
- 22M.1.HL.TZ2.40: Hormones maintain the thickness of the endometrium during pregnancy. However, insufficient levels...
- 18N.1.HL.TZ0.40: If the ovaries of a pregnant woman have to be removed during the first five months of pregnancy,...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1c: Suggest two reasons for the overall decline in the epidemic after week 51.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1g: Analyse the data on the state of infection of tick nymphs with B. burgdorferi in control and...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.37: What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction? A. To release tropomyosin from myosin B. To...
- 20N.1.HL.TZ0.37: Hybridoma cells are produced in laboratories for medical diagnostics and treatments. Which two...
-
17N.1.HL.TZ0.40:
The diagram shows the female reproductive system.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2017]
Which structures do K and L identify?
-
21M.1.HL.TZ1.39:
The pregnancy test for humans is based on detection of the hormone HCG. What is the reason for detection of this hormone indicating pregnancy?
A. HCG is involved in milk production.
B. HCG production is blocked by negative feedback during menstruation.
C. HCG is produced by an embryo.
D. HCG is released during the acrosome reaction.
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.1d: Distinguish between the changes in porosity of the bones in humans and bears as age increases.
-
22M.2.HL.TZ1.6c:
Explain how water balance is restored in mammals when they are dehydrated.
-
22M.2.HL.TZ1.7b:
Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced.
-
22M.2.HL.TZ2.8c:
Describe adaptations in mammals living in desert ecosystems to maintain osmolarity in their bodies.
-
22M.1.HL.TZ2.39:
The micrograph shows a glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, where ultrafiltration takes place in the kidney.
[Source: MICROSCAPE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY.]
What facilitates the formation of glomerular filtrate?
A. Many fenestrations in walls of capillaries in the glomerulus
B. High pressure in the Bowman’s capsule
C. ADH secreted by the pituitary gland
D. Osmosis caused by a high concentration of urea in the blood
-
18M.2.HL.TZ2.7a:
Explain the production and role of antibodies in defense against bacterial pathogens in humans.
- 19M.1.HL.TZ1.38: What is the role of the joint capsule in an elbow joint? A. It seals the joint to retain the...
- 16N.1.HL.TZ0.40: Where does the acrosome reaction occur?
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.1: Which structure found in eukaryotes has a single membrane? A. Nucleus B. Lysosome C....
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.40: The diagram shows the exchange processes that take place in the placenta between the maternal and...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.37: A secondary immune response occurs when an antigen is encountered on a second occasion, due to...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.39: The table shows solute concentrations in normal blood plasma and the fluid in one section of the...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1c.i: Describe the trends shown by the graph for dissolved oxygen in water discharged from the mouth.
-
17N.2.HL.TZ0.03c:
Describe the role of ADH in human osmoregulation.
- 21M.1.HL.TZ1.38: What is normally found in the urine of a healthy individual? A. Glucose B. Red blood cells C....
-
21M.2.HL.TZ1.4a:
Plasma cells secrete antibodies against specific antigens. Outline how plasma cells become activated.
-
21N.2.HL.TZ0.2d:
Explain the mechanism that prevents polyspermy during fertilization.
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.1e: The life expectancy of a human at the time of the study was 80 years. Estimate the porosity of...
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.5a: Outline a reason for the muscles being described as antagonistic.
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.5b: Describe the role of muscle Y.
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.5d: Explain the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction.
-
22M.2.HL.TZ2.8b:
Humans need to balance water and solute concentrations and also excrete nitrogenous wastes. Explain how the different parts of the kidney carry out these processes.
-
22M.1.HL.TZ2.38:
The electron micrograph shows sarcomeres in myofibrils of striated muscle during muscle contraction. The lines P–Q and R–S show two regions of one sarcomere.
[Source: Republished with permission of Elsevier - Health Sciences Division from Cell by Don W. Fawcett 1981 ; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]
How would regions P–Q and R–S change when the muscle relaxes?
-
19M.1.HL.TZ1.37:
The table shows the results of blood type tests on samples from four individuals. Which row represents an individual who can accept transfusions from people with blood type AB?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
-
19M.1.HL.TZ1.36:
The diagram shows the chromosomes derived from a single homologous pair following meiosis in a diploid cell.
Which diagram represents the homologous pair from which these chromosomes were derived?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1a: Identify the week and year in which the first cases were recorded in the suburbs. Week: Year:
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1f: Based on these data, outline the evidence that T-705 has potential to be used as a treatment for...
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.5a.i: Identify the dark structure indicated by I.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.7a: Outline the reasons for the differences in blood concentrations between the renal artery and the...
- 16N.1.HL.TZ0.37: What is directly responsible for allergic symptoms, including a runny nose or itchy eyes? A....
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1d: Deduce with a reason whether a urea transporter is present in the mouth of P. sinensis.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ2.7b: Describe the different cell types in the seminiferous tubules that are involved in the process of...
-
17N.1.HL.TZ0.39:
What structure is indicated by the arrows?
[Source: Courtesy Roger Craig, University of Massachusetts]
A. One muscle fibre
B. One sarcomere
C. One myofibril
D. One Z line
-
21M.1.HL.TZ2.38:
The diagram shows structures involved in contraction of a sarcomere.
[Source: Anatomy & Physiology by Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/), except where otherwise noted.]
What is X?
A. Myosin filament
B. Sarcomere
C. Actin filament
D. Myofibril
-
21M.1.HL.TZ2.37:
The graph shows changes in the concentration of an antibody in the blood of an individual subjected to two separate infections at time X and time Y.
[Source: Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013 OpenStax College © 1999-2021, Rice University. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).]
What distinguishes the events occurring at Y from those occurring at X?
A. The individual was infected with different pathogens at X and Y.
B. Memory B cells are involved in antibody production at Y but not at X.
C. There is no clonal selection involved.
D. There are no T lymphocytes involved.
-
21M.2.HL.TZ1.4c:
State one use of monoclonal antibodies.
-
22M.2.HL.TZ1.5c:
Outline how the muscle attachment of insects differs from humans.
- 22M.1.HL.TZ2.37: Cetuximab is a type of monoclonal antibody used to treat cancers of the large intestine. How are...
- 18N.1.HL.TZ0.37: When activated B cells multiply, what do they produce? A. Plasma cells B. Antigens C. ...
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.39: What is the effect of ADH on the kidney? A. It stimulates ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s...
-
19M.2.HL.TZ2.6c:
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is a peptide hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus. Explain its action in the human body.
- 19N.1.HL.TZ0.37: What is a role of activated B cells? A. Secrete antibiotics in response to specific antigens B....
- 16N.1.HL.TZ0.38: What is required for a skeletal muscle to exert force? A. Extensor and flexor musclesB. Synovial...
-
17M.2.HL.TZ1.1g:
The salt marshes where these turtles live periodically dry up to small pools. Discuss the problems that this will cause for nitrogen excretion in the turtles and how their behaviour might overcome the problems.
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.40: What helps to prevent polyspermy? A. The unequal division of oocytes B. The placental...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.i: Identify which of these turtle groups represent the control, giving a reason for your answer.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ2.6c: Explain the production of antibodies.
-
17N.2.HL.TZ0.06b:
Cell biologists play an important role in research into disease, fertility, evolution and many
other areas of science.Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.37: Which mechanism prevents polyspermy? A. Polar body formation B. The acrosome reaction C....
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.39: Glucose moves from the filtrate in the nephron into the bloodstream during normal kidney...
-
18N.2.HL.TZ0.5a:
Label region X and structure Y on the diagram of the kidney.
[Source: PeterHermesFurian/iStock]
- 19M.1.HL.TZ2.37: What is the order of increasing size of muscle structures? A. muscle, muscle fibre, myofibril,...
- 19M.1.HL.TZ2.33: What is the function of the loop of Henle? A. To reabsorb salt B. To maintain a hypertonic...
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.5a.iii: Identify the structure indicated by III.
-
19N.1.HL.TZ0.40:
The diagram shows a section through the seminiferous tubules. What is the cell labelled X?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
A. Spermatid that will differentiate into sperm
B. Primary spermatocyte that will undergo meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes
C. Sertoli cell that provides nutrients
D. Stem cell that will divide by mitosis to form spermatogonia
- 19N.1.HL.TZ0.39: Damselflies are flying insects. They lay eggs that hatch into larval forms that are aquatic....
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1f.i: State the reason for performing the experiment in the months of May to August.
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.38: The graph shows the daily amount of the residue of a drug in the wastewater of a...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.6c: Coughing to clear the airways is accomplished by muscle contractions. Explain muscle contraction.
- 20N.1.HL.TZ0.38: What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction? A. To enable actin to expose binding...
-
17N.2.HL.TZ0.07c:
Nitrogen is part of many important substances in living organisms.
Explain how insects excrete nitrogenous wastes.
- 17N.1.HL.TZ0.37: What forms the basis of immunity after vaccination?
-
21M.2.HL.TZ1.4b:
A hybridoma is a cell produced by the fusion of a plasma cell with a tumour cell. Explain the advantages of using hybridoma cells in the production of monoclonal antibodies.
-
21N.1.HL.TZ1.37:
The diagram shows a method for the production of monoclonal antibodies.
[Source: Adenosine, March 5, 2010. A general representation of the method used to produce monoclonal antibodies. [online]
Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody (CC BY-SA 3.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-sa/3.0/deed.en [Accessed 27 March 2020]. Adapted.]What are cells P and Q?
-
21N.2.HL.TZ0.8b:
Explain the production of antibodies in humans.
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.38: The diagram shows the side view of the human elbow. Which structure is the radius?
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
- 18N.1.HL.TZ0.38: Which hormone influences movement of water into blood? A. Oxytocin B. Leptin C. ADH D. ...
-
18M.1.HL.TZ2.38:
The diagram shows two states of skeletal muscle, relaxed and contracted.
[Source: Provophys/Wikipedia. File licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)]
Which process is part of muscle contraction?
A. Myosin filaments cause the actin filaments to shorten.
B. Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to the myosin heads.
C. ATP provides energy for the movement of the myosin heads.
D. Ca2+ binds to tropomyosin and uncovers troponin.
- 18M.1.HL.TZ1.38: What movement occurs at the elbow and what is the state of the triceps when lifting an apple to...
- 18M.1.HL.TZ1.39: The presence of proteins such as albumin in a urine sample indicates kidney damage. Where in the...
- 19M.1.HL.TZ2.35: What are features of both endoskeletons of mammals and exoskeletons of insects? A. They are both...
-
19M.1.HL.TZ1.39:
The image shows a transverse section through a collecting duct in a vertebrate kidney.
[Source: Professor Peter Takizawa, Yale University]
How is the movement of materials across the wall of the collecting duct affected by the release of ADH from the pituitary gland?
A. There is increased movement of water in the direction of arrow I.
B. There is increased movement of sodium in the direction of arrow I.
C. There is increased movement of water in the direction of arrow II.
D. There is increased movement of sodium in the direction of arrow II.
-
19M.1.HL.TZ1.40:
The image shows a light micrograph of tissue stained with a dye that binds to the nucleic acids in a cell.
[Source: by Jose Luis Calvo/Shutterstock]
What is the major purpose of the tissue depicted in the image?
A. Absorption of digested food
B. Production of insulin
C. Spermatogenesis
D. Fertilization
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1b: Based on the graph, compare and contrast the progress of the epidemic in the suburbs and rural...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1d: Compare and contrast the data for Conakry with the data for the three suburbs.
- 19N.1.HL.TZ0.38: What is a similarity between human and insect muscles? A. They are attached to an...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.39: What does the blastocyst secrete? A. HCG B. Estrogen C. ADH D. Progesterone
-
20N.1.HL.TZ0.39:
The diagram shows a section through a seminiferous tubule.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]
Which labelled cells are diploid and haploid, respectively?
-
20N.1.HL.TZ0.40:
The graph shows three hormones circulating during pregnancy in the rat, with birth occurring at 22 days.
[Source: Dr Paul Kenyon University of Plymouth (retired).]
What are hormones X and Z?
-
17N.2.HL.TZ0.02d.i:
Describe the production of hybridoma cells.
- 17N.1.HL.TZ0.38: Which processes require calcium? I. Muscle contractionII. Movement of an action potential along...
-
21N.1.HL.TZ1.38:
The image shows part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fibre.
[Source: Sarcomere. Sameerb. Available at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.gif
[Accessed 30 November 2021].]What occurs during muscle contraction?
A. Myosin binding sites are blocked.
B. The bands labelled Y get shorter.
C. The bands labelled X get shorter.
D. Calcium ions bind to myosin.
-
21N.1.HL.TZ1.39:
Where in the nephron is most glucose reabsorbed?
[Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, n.d. [Nephron]. [diagram online] Available at:
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/news/media-library/9164 [Accessed 23 March 2020].] -
21N.1.HL.TZ1.40:
The micrograph shows part of a human sperm cell. Which region of the cell is responsible for the greatest production of ATP?
[Source: Oliveira, J.B.A., Petersen, C.G., Massaro, F.C. et al. Motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME):
intervariation study of normal sperm and sperm with large nuclear vacuoles. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 8, 56 (2010).
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-8-56. https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Single_
human_spermatozoa.jpg Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 2.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/2.0).] - 18N.2.HL.TZ0.5b: Distinguish between osmoregulators and osmoconformers.
-
18M.1.HL.TZ1.22:
Mucus traps pathogenic bacteria. Mucus also attracts viruses that attack pathogenic bacteria.
[Source: EYE OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY]
What part of the immune system do these viruses resemble in their function?
A. Antigens
B. Antibodies
C. Memory cells
D. Antibiotics
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.40: Which interaction occurs between hormones in the reproductive systems of women? A. Estrogen from...
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.37: How are monoclonal antibodies produced? A. Fusion of plasma cells with tumor cells B. Fusion of...
-
18M.2.HL.TZ1.8c:
Explain the process of muscle contraction.
-
18M.2.HL.TZ1.8b:
Outline the roles of estrogen and progesterone in females during human reproduction.
- 19M.1.HL.TZ2.34: What is the nitrogenous waste excreted in insects? A. Urea B. Uric acid C. Ammonia D. Urine
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.6c: Explain how blood solute concentrations are kept within narrow limits in the human body.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1g: Explain how vaccination can lead to the production of B cells specific to the Ebola virus.
Sub sections and their related questions
11.1 Antibody production and vaccination
- 16N.1.HL.TZ0.37: What is directly responsible for allergic symptoms, including a runny nose or itchy eyes? A....
- 16N.1.HL.TZ0.38: What is required for a skeletal muscle to exert force? A. Extensor and flexor musclesB. Synovial...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.1: Which structure found in eukaryotes has a single membrane? A. Nucleus B. Lysosome C....
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.37: A secondary immune response occurs when an antigen is encountered on a second occasion, due to...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ2.6c: Explain the production of antibodies.
- 17N.1.HL.TZ0.37: What forms the basis of immunity after vaccination?
-
18M.1.HL.TZ1.22:
Mucus traps pathogenic bacteria. Mucus also attracts viruses that attack pathogenic bacteria.
[Source: EYE OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY]
What part of the immune system do these viruses resemble in their function?
A. Antigens
B. Antibodies
C. Memory cells
D. Antibiotics
-
18M.2.HL.TZ2.7a:
Explain the production and role of antibodies in defense against bacterial pathogens in humans.
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.37: How are monoclonal antibodies produced? A. Fusion of plasma cells with tumor cells B. Fusion of...
- 18N.1.HL.TZ0.37: When activated B cells multiply, what do they produce? A. Plasma cells B. Antigens C. ...
-
19M.1.HL.TZ1.37:
The table shows the results of blood type tests on samples from four individuals. Which row represents an individual who can accept transfusions from people with blood type AB?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1a: Identify the week and year in which the first cases were recorded in the suburbs. Week: Year:
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1b: Based on the graph, compare and contrast the progress of the epidemic in the suburbs and rural...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1c: Suggest two reasons for the overall decline in the epidemic after week 51.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1d: Compare and contrast the data for Conakry with the data for the three suburbs.
-
19M.2.HL.TZ1.1e:
Suggest reasons for the high percentage of fatal cases at Ebola treatment centres.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1f: Based on these data, outline the evidence that T-705 has potential to be used as a treatment for...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1g: Explain how vaccination can lead to the production of B cells specific to the Ebola virus.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.1h: Suggest possible reasons for the difficulty of preventing or controlling a viral epidemic such as...
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1f.i: State the reason for performing the experiment in the months of May to August.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1f.ii: Suggest possible reasons for the observed pattern of presence of antibodies in vaccinated mice.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1g: Analyse the data on the state of infection of tick nymphs with B. burgdorferi in control and...
- 19N.1.HL.TZ0.37: What is a role of activated B cells? A. Secrete antibiotics in response to specific antigens B....
- 20N.1.HL.TZ0.37: Hybridoma cells are produced in laboratories for medical diagnostics and treatments. Which two...
-
21M.2.HL.TZ1.4a:
Plasma cells secrete antibodies against specific antigens. Outline how plasma cells become activated.
-
21M.2.HL.TZ1.4b:
A hybridoma is a cell produced by the fusion of a plasma cell with a tumour cell. Explain the advantages of using hybridoma cells in the production of monoclonal antibodies.
-
21M.2.HL.TZ1.4c:
State one use of monoclonal antibodies.
-
21M.1.HL.TZ2.37:
The graph shows changes in the concentration of an antibody in the blood of an individual subjected to two separate infections at time X and time Y.
[Source: Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013 OpenStax College © 1999-2021, Rice University. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).]
What distinguishes the events occurring at Y from those occurring at X?
A. The individual was infected with different pathogens at X and Y.
B. Memory B cells are involved in antibody production at Y but not at X.
C. There is no clonal selection involved.
D. There are no T lymphocytes involved.
-
21N.1.HL.TZ1.37:
The diagram shows a method for the production of monoclonal antibodies.
[Source: Adenosine, March 5, 2010. A general representation of the method used to produce monoclonal antibodies. [online]
Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody (CC BY-SA 3.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-sa/3.0/deed.en [Accessed 27 March 2020]. Adapted.]What are cells P and Q?
-
21N.2.HL.TZ0.8b:
Explain the production of antibodies in humans.
- 22M.1.HL.TZ2.37: Cetuximab is a type of monoclonal antibody used to treat cancers of the large intestine. How are...
-
22M.2.HL.TZ1.7b:
Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced.
11.2 Movement
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.1: Which structure found in eukaryotes has a single membrane? A. Nucleus B. Lysosome C....
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.6c: Coughing to clear the airways is accomplished by muscle contractions. Explain muscle contraction.
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.37: What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction? A. To release tropomyosin from myosin B. To...
- 17N.1.HL.TZ0.38: Which processes require calcium? I. Muscle contractionII. Movement of an action potential along...
-
17N.1.HL.TZ0.39:
What structure is indicated by the arrows?
[Source: Courtesy Roger Craig, University of Massachusetts]
A. One muscle fibre
B. One sarcomere
C. One myofibril
D. One Z line
- 18M.1.HL.TZ1.38: What movement occurs at the elbow and what is the state of the triceps when lifting an apple to...
-
18M.2.HL.TZ1.8c:
Explain the process of muscle contraction.
-
18M.1.HL.TZ2.38:
The diagram shows two states of skeletal muscle, relaxed and contracted.
[Source: Provophys/Wikipedia. File licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)]
Which process is part of muscle contraction?
A. Myosin filaments cause the actin filaments to shorten.
B. Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to the myosin heads.
C. ATP provides energy for the movement of the myosin heads.
D. Ca2+ binds to tropomyosin and uncovers troponin.
- 19M.1.HL.TZ1.38: What is the role of the joint capsule in an elbow joint? A. It seals the joint to retain the...
- 19M.1.HL.TZ2.35: What are features of both endoskeletons of mammals and exoskeletons of insects? A. They are both...
- 19M.1.HL.TZ2.37: What is the order of increasing size of muscle structures? A. muscle, muscle fibre, myofibril,...
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.5a.i: Identify the dark structure indicated by I.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.5a.ii: Identify the protein producing the thick filament in the dark band indicated by II.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.5a.iii: Identify the structure indicated by III.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.5c: Explain how calcium is involved in muscle contraction.
- 19N.1.HL.TZ0.38: What is a similarity between human and insect muscles? A. They are attached to an...
- 20N.1.HL.TZ0.38: What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction? A. To enable actin to expose binding...
-
21M.1.HL.TZ1.37:
The diagram represents a sarcomere. Which structure is myosin?
[Source: MPI of Molecular Plant Physiology. [Sarcomere]. [diagram online] Available at: http://www.macroevolution.net/sarcomere.html [accessed 4 April 2019]. Source adapted.]
-
21M.1.HL.TZ2.38:
The diagram shows structures involved in contraction of a sarcomere.
[Source: Anatomy & Physiology by Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/), except where otherwise noted.]
What is X?
A. Myosin filament
B. Sarcomere
C. Actin filament
D. Myofibril
-
21N.1.HL.TZ1.38:
The image shows part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fibre.
[Source: Sarcomere. Sameerb. Available at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.gif
[Accessed 30 November 2021].]What occurs during muscle contraction?
A. Myosin binding sites are blocked.
B. The bands labelled Y get shorter.
C. The bands labelled X get shorter.
D. Calcium ions bind to myosin.
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.38: The diagram shows the side view of the human elbow. Which structure is the radius?
-
22M.1.HL.TZ2.38:
The electron micrograph shows sarcomeres in myofibrils of striated muscle during muscle contraction. The lines P–Q and R–S show two regions of one sarcomere.
[Source: Republished with permission of Elsevier - Health Sciences Division from Cell by Don W. Fawcett 1981 ; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]
How would regions P–Q and R–S change when the muscle relaxes?
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.1d: Distinguish between the changes in porosity of the bones in humans and bears as age increases.
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.1e: The life expectancy of a human at the time of the study was 80 years. Estimate the porosity of...
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.1f: The researchers assessed age as a proportion of normal life span, rather than in years. Suggest...
-
22M.2.HL.TZ1.1h:
Suggest how the graph would differ for a human during a long period of inactivity.
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.5a: Outline a reason for the muscles being described as antagonistic.
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.5b: Describe the role of muscle Y.
-
22M.2.HL.TZ1.5c:
Outline how the muscle attachment of insects differs from humans.
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.5d: Explain the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction.
11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation
-
16N.1.HL.TZ0.39:
Which kidney adaptation would be expected in the desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti)?
A. Increased nephron density
B. Longer proximal convoluted tubule
C. Longer loop of Henle
D. Increased ADH receptors on the collecting duct
- 16N.2.HL.TZ0.6c: Distinguish between the composition of the blood of the renal artery and the blood of the renal...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.1: Which structure found in eukaryotes has a single membrane? A. Nucleus B. Lysosome C....
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.39: The table shows solute concentrations in normal blood plasma and the fluid in one section of the...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1a: Deduce whether the excretion of ammonia or urea changes more when a turtle emerges from water.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1b: Compare and contrast the changes in urea excretion in the mouth with the changes in urea...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1c.i: Describe the trends shown by the graph for dissolved oxygen in water discharged from the mouth.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1c.ii: Suggest reasons for these trends in dissolved oxygen.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1d: Deduce with a reason whether a urea transporter is present in the mouth of P. sinensis.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.i: Identify which of these turtle groups represent the control, giving a reason for your answer.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
-
17M.2.HL.TZ1.1g:
The salt marshes where these turtles live periodically dry up to small pools. Discuss the problems that this will cause for nitrogen excretion in the turtles and how their behaviour might overcome the problems.
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.38: The graph shows the daily amount of the residue of a drug in the wastewater of a...
-
17N.2.HL.TZ0.03c:
Describe the role of ADH in human osmoregulation.
-
17N.2.HL.TZ0.07c:
Nitrogen is part of many important substances in living organisms.
Explain how insects excrete nitrogenous wastes.
- 18M.1.HL.TZ1.39: The presence of proteins such as albumin in a urine sample indicates kidney damage. Where in the...
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.39: What is the effect of ADH on the kidney? A. It stimulates ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s...
- 18N.1.HL.TZ0.38: Which hormone influences movement of water into blood? A. Oxytocin B. Leptin C. ADH D. ...
-
18N.2.HL.TZ0.5a:
Label region X and structure Y on the diagram of the kidney.
[Source: PeterHermesFurian/iStock]
- 18N.2.HL.TZ0.5b: Distinguish between osmoregulators and osmoconformers.
-
19M.1.HL.TZ1.39:
The image shows a transverse section through a collecting duct in a vertebrate kidney.
[Source: Professor Peter Takizawa, Yale University]
How is the movement of materials across the wall of the collecting duct affected by the release of ADH from the pituitary gland?
A. There is increased movement of water in the direction of arrow I.
B. There is increased movement of sodium in the direction of arrow I.
C. There is increased movement of water in the direction of arrow II.
D. There is increased movement of sodium in the direction of arrow II.
- 19M.1.HL.TZ2.33: What is the function of the loop of Henle? A. To reabsorb salt B. To maintain a hypertonic...
- 19M.1.HL.TZ2.34: What is the nitrogenous waste excreted in insects? A. Urea B. Uric acid C. Ammonia D. Urine
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.6c: Explain how blood solute concentrations are kept within narrow limits in the human body.
-
19M.2.HL.TZ2.6c:
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is a peptide hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus. Explain its action in the human body.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.7a: Outline the reasons for the differences in blood concentrations between the renal artery and the...
- 19N.1.HL.TZ0.39: Damselflies are flying insects. They lay eggs that hatch into larval forms that are aquatic....
-
20N.2.HL.TZ0.7c:
Explain the role of the kidney in osmoregulation.
- 21M.1.HL.TZ1.38: What is normally found in the urine of a healthy individual? A. Glucose B. Red blood cells C....
- 21M.1.HL.TZ2.39: What sequence shows the route taken by nitrogenous wastes in insects from their production in...
-
21N.1.HL.TZ1.39:
Where in the nephron is most glucose reabsorbed?
[Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, n.d. [Nephron]. [diagram online] Available at:
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/news/media-library/9164 [Accessed 23 March 2020].] - 22M.1.HL.TZ1.39: Glucose moves from the filtrate in the nephron into the bloodstream during normal kidney...
-
22M.1.HL.TZ2.39:
The micrograph shows a glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, where ultrafiltration takes place in the kidney.
[Source: MICROSCAPE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY.]
What facilitates the formation of glomerular filtrate?
A. Many fenestrations in walls of capillaries in the glomerulus
B. High pressure in the Bowman’s capsule
C. ADH secreted by the pituitary gland
D. Osmosis caused by a high concentration of urea in the blood
-
22M.2.HL.TZ1.6c:
Explain how water balance is restored in mammals when they are dehydrated.
-
22M.2.HL.TZ2.8b:
Humans need to balance water and solute concentrations and also excrete nitrogenous wastes. Explain how the different parts of the kidney carry out these processes.
-
22M.2.HL.TZ2.8c:
Describe adaptations in mammals living in desert ecosystems to maintain osmolarity in their bodies.
11.4 Sexual reproduction
- 16N.1.HL.TZ0.40: Where does the acrosome reaction occur?
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.1: Which structure found in eukaryotes has a single membrane? A. Nucleus B. Lysosome C....
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.38: Which hormone is inhibited during pregnancy in order to prevent contractions of the uterus? A....
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.40: The diagram shows the exchange processes that take place in the placenta between the maternal and...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.39: What does the blastocyst secrete? A. HCG B. Estrogen C. ADH D. Progesterone
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.40: What helps to prevent polyspermy? A. The unequal division of oocytes B. The placental...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ2.7b: Describe the different cell types in the seminiferous tubules that are involved in the process of...
-
17N.2.HL.TZ0.06b:
Cell biologists play an important role in research into disease, fertility, evolution and many
other areas of science.Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
-
17N.3.HL.TZ0.02a:
Concerns have been raised about the effect of rising pollution levels on sperm production in men. To investigate the possible effects of pollution on spermatogenesis, sperm samples from men of similar ages were collected in Kolkata in the 1980s and 2000s. The box plot represents the mean and range of sperm counts in the 1980s and 2000s.
[Source: Republished with permission of Elsevier Science and Technology Journals, from ‘Semen quality and age-specific changes: A study between two decades on 3729 male partners of couples with normal sperm count and attending an andrology laboratory for infertility-related problems in an Indian city’, Dyutiman Mukhopadhyay, Alex C. Varghese, Manisha Pal, Sudip K. Banerjee, Asok K. Bhattacharyya, Rakesh K. Sharma, and Ashok Agarwal, Fertility and Sterility, 93 (7), 2009; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc]
A hypothesis has been suggested that pollution may have a negative effect on spermatogenesis. Evaluate whether the data support this hypothesis.
-
17N.1.HL.TZ0.40:
The diagram shows the female reproductive system.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2017]
Which structures do K and L identify?
-
18M.2.HL.TZ1.8b:
Outline the roles of estrogen and progesterone in females during human reproduction.
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.40: Which interaction occurs between hormones in the reproductive systems of women? A. Estrogen from...
- 18N.1.HL.TZ0.39: The image shows a flow chart. Which sequence would correspond to the stages shown in the flow...
- 18N.1.HL.TZ0.40: If the ovaries of a pregnant woman have to be removed during the first five months of pregnancy,...
-
19M.1.HL.TZ1.36:
The diagram shows the chromosomes derived from a single homologous pair following meiosis in a diploid cell.
Which diagram represents the homologous pair from which these chromosomes were derived?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
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19M.1.HL.TZ1.40:
The image shows a light micrograph of tissue stained with a dye that binds to the nucleic acids in a cell.
[Source: by Jose Luis Calvo/Shutterstock]
What is the major purpose of the tissue depicted in the image?
A. Absorption of digested food
B. Production of insulin
C. Spermatogenesis
D. Fertilization
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19N.1.HL.TZ0.40:
The diagram shows a section through the seminiferous tubules. What is the cell labelled X?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
A. Spermatid that will differentiate into sperm
B. Primary spermatocyte that will undergo meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes
C. Sertoli cell that provides nutrients
D. Stem cell that will divide by mitosis to form spermatogonia
-
20N.1.HL.TZ0.39:
The diagram shows a section through a seminiferous tubule.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]
Which labelled cells are diploid and haploid, respectively?
-
20N.1.HL.TZ0.40:
The graph shows three hormones circulating during pregnancy in the rat, with birth occurring at 22 days.
[Source: Dr Paul Kenyon University of Plymouth (retired).]
What are hormones X and Z?
-
21M.1.HL.TZ1.39:
The pregnancy test for humans is based on detection of the hormone HCG. What is the reason for detection of this hormone indicating pregnancy?
A. HCG is involved in milk production.
B. HCG production is blocked by negative feedback during menstruation.
C. HCG is produced by an embryo.
D. HCG is released during the acrosome reaction.
-
21M.1.HL.TZ2.40:
What function is maintained as a result of the release of HCG?
A. Production of milk by the mammary glands
B. Release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary gland
C. Production of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland
D. Production of progesterone by the ovary
-
21N.1.HL.TZ1.40:
The micrograph shows part of a human sperm cell. Which region of the cell is responsible for the greatest production of ATP?
[Source: Oliveira, J.B.A., Petersen, C.G., Massaro, F.C. et al. Motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME):
intervariation study of normal sperm and sperm with large nuclear vacuoles. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 8, 56 (2010).
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-8-56. https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Single_
human_spermatozoa.jpg Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 2.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/2.0).] -
21N.2.HL.TZ0.2d:
Explain the mechanism that prevents polyspermy during fertilization.
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.37: Which mechanism prevents polyspermy? A. Polar body formation B. The acrosome reaction C....
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
- 22M.1.HL.TZ2.40: Hormones maintain the thickness of the endometrium during pregnancy. However, insufficient levels...