| Date | November 2016 | Marks available | 3 | Reference code | 16N.2.HL.TZ0.6 |
| Level | Higher level | Paper | Paper 2 | Time zone | TZ0 / no time zone |
| Command term | Distinguish | Question number | 6 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
The human circulatory system is structured to serve the organs and tissues of the body efficiently.
Explain how circulation of the blood to the lungs and to other systems is separated in humans and what the advantages of this separation are.
Distinguish between the composition of the blood of the renal artery and the blood of the renal vein.
Markscheme
a. double circulation / pulmonary and systemic circulations
b. heart is a double pump / heart has separate pumps for lungs and other systems / left and right sides of heart are separate / no hole in heart (after birth)
c. deoxygenated blood pumped to the lungs and oxygenated to other organs/tissues/whole body (apart from lungs)
d. each side of the heart has an atrium and a ventricle
e. left ventricle/side pumps blood to the systems/tissues and right ventricle/side pumps blood to the lungs
f. left atrium receives blood from the lungs and right atrium receives blood from systems/tissues
g. left ventricle pumps blood via the aorta and right ventricle pumps blood via the pulmonary artery
h. left atrium receives blood via the pulmonary vein and right atrium receives blood via the vena cava
i. lungs require lower pressure blood / high pressure blood would damage lungs
j. high pressure required to pump blood to all systems/tissues apart from lungs
k. pressure of blood returning from lungs not high enough to continue to tissues / blood has to be pumped again after returning from lungs
l. oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood kept separate / all tissues receive blood with high oxygen content/saturation
Points may be earned using an annotated diagram.
a. less urea/excretory waste products/creatinine in renal vein
b. less oxygen in the renal vein
c. more carbon dioxide in renal vein
d. less glucose in renal vein
e. concentration of sodium ions/chloride ions/pH at normal level in the renal vein whereas it is variable in renal artery
f. solute concentration/osmolarity/water balance at normal level in the renal vein whereas it is variable in renal artery
Allow answers in a table format. For all these mark points accept the converse as long as it is clear whether the artery or vein has the higher amount.
Answers relating to volume and pressure are not relevant to the question.
Examiners report
Syllabus sections
- 18M.1.HL.TZ1.39: The presence of proteins such as albumin in a urine sample indicates kidney damage. Where in...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.39: The table shows solute concentrations in normal blood plasma and the fluid in one section of...
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.39: Glucose moves from the filtrate in the nephron into the bloodstream during normal kidney...
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22M.1.HL.TZ2.39:
The micrograph shows a glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, where ultrafiltration takes place in the kidney.
[Source: MICROSCAPE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY.]
What facilitates the formation of glomerular filtrate?
A. Many fenestrations in walls of capillaries in the glomerulus
B. High pressure in the Bowman’s capsule
C. ADH secreted by the pituitary gland
D. Osmosis caused by a high concentration of urea in the blood
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.i: Identify which of these turtle groups represent the control, giving a reason for your answer.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1b: Compare and contrast the changes in urea excretion in the mouth with the changes in urea...
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16N.1.HL.TZ0.39:
Which kidney adaptation would be expected in the desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti)?
A. Increased nephron density
B. Longer proximal convoluted tubule
C. Longer loop of Henle
D. Increased ADH receptors on the collecting duct
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18N.2.HL.TZ0.5a:
Label region X and structure Y on the diagram of the kidney.
[Source: PeterHermesFurian/iStock]
- 18N.2.HL.TZ0.5b: Distinguish between osmoregulators and osmoconformers.
- 21M.1.HL.TZ1.38: What is normally found in the urine of a healthy individual? A. Glucose B. Red blood...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.1: Which structure found in eukaryotes has a single membrane? A. Nucleus B. Lysosome C....
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1c.i: Describe the trends shown by the graph for dissolved oxygen in water discharged from the mouth.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1d: Deduce with a reason whether a urea transporter is present in the mouth of P. sinensis.
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.39: What is the effect of ADH on the kidney? A. It stimulates ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s...
- 21M.1.HL.TZ2.39: What sequence shows the route taken by nitrogenous wastes in insects from their production in...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.38: The graph shows the daily amount of the residue of a drug in the wastewater of a...
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22M.2.HL.TZ1.6c:
Explain how water balance is restored in mammals when they are dehydrated.
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22M.2.HL.TZ2.8b:
Humans need to balance water and solute concentrations and also excrete nitrogenous wastes. Explain how the different parts of the kidney carry out these processes.
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22M.2.HL.TZ2.8c:
Describe adaptations in mammals living in desert ecosystems to maintain osmolarity in their bodies.
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17N.2.HL.TZ0.03c:
Describe the role of ADH in human osmoregulation.
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20N.2.HL.TZ0.7c:
Explain the role of the kidney in osmoregulation.
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17N.2.HL.TZ0.07c:
Nitrogen is part of many important substances in living organisms.
Explain how insects excrete nitrogenous wastes.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1a: Deduce whether the excretion of ammonia or urea changes more when a turtle emerges from water.
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17M.2.HL.TZ1.1g:
The salt marshes where these turtles live periodically dry up to small pools. Discuss the problems that this will cause for nitrogen excretion in the turtles and how their behaviour might overcome the problems.
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21N.1.HL.TZ1.39:
Where in the nephron is most glucose reabsorbed?
[Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, n.d. [Nephron]. [diagram online] Available at:
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/news/media-library/9164 [Accessed 23 March 2020].] - 19M.1.HL.TZ2.33: What is the function of the loop of Henle? A. To reabsorb salt B. To maintain a hypertonic...
- 19M.1.HL.TZ2.34: What is the nitrogenous waste excreted in insects? A. Urea B. Uric acid C. Ammonia D. Urine
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1c.ii: Suggest reasons for these trends in dissolved oxygen.
- 18N.1.HL.TZ0.38: Which hormone influences movement of water into blood? A. Oxytocin B. Leptin C. ...
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19M.1.HL.TZ1.39:
The image shows a transverse section through a collecting duct in a vertebrate kidney.
[Source: Professor Peter Takizawa, Yale University]
How is the movement of materials across the wall of the collecting duct affected by the release of ADH from the pituitary gland?
A. There is increased movement of water in the direction of arrow I.
B. There is increased movement of sodium in the direction of arrow I.
C. There is increased movement of water in the direction of arrow II.
D. There is increased movement of sodium in the direction of arrow II.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.6c: Explain how blood solute concentrations are kept within narrow limits in the human body.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.7a: Outline the reasons for the differences in blood concentrations between the renal artery and...
- 19N.1.HL.TZ0.39: Damselflies are flying insects. They lay eggs that hatch into larval forms that are aquatic....
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19M.2.HL.TZ2.6c:
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is a peptide hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus. Explain its action in the human body.
