| Date | November 2016 | Marks available | 20 | Reference code | 16N.3op2a.HL.TZ0.18 |
| Level | Higher level only | Paper | Paper 3 (Aspects of the history of Africa) - last exams 2016 | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | Discuss | Question number | 18 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
“Mozambique achieved independence because of external factors rather than internal factors.” Discuss.
Markscheme
Candidates will have knowledge of the factors that contributed to independence in Mozambique in 1975. They should discuss both external factors and internal factors and draw a conclusion as to which of these factors played the more important role.
Indicative content
External factors
- Candidates could mention the formation of the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) by exiles who were determined to end Portuguese rule.
- Support for the Mozambican independence movement from leaders of independent African nations such as Nyerere, who allowed them to use their countries for their military bases.
- The morale and support given to FRELIMO by the World Council of Churches and the Vatican also played a role.
- The Portuguese were also fighting nationalism in Guinea and Angola and it can be argued that this spread their resources too thinly.
- The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) provided the opportunity for its members to offer military training and a supply of weapons. In 1965 the OAU recognized FRELIMO as the legitimate representative for Mozambique.
- The collapse of the fascist state in Portugal in 1974 was a key factor in the decision to end the independence war and grant Mozambique its independence.
Internal factors
- Samora Machel and other Mozambicans were effective military leaders of FRELIMO in the struggle for independence.
- FRELIMO enjoyed the widespread support of the local population and this provided it with more strength.
- The use of guerilla tactics by FRELIMO fighters assisted in furthering Mozambique’s independence.
- The discriminatory policies of the Portuguese fuelled internal opposition to its rule and bolstered FRELIMO.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, the list is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.
Examiners and moderators are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.
[20 marks]
